Structure and morphology |
Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy |
Particle size and particle size distribution |
Photon correlation spectroscopy (based on dynamic laser light scattering), laser diffraction (static laser light scattering), microscopic methods |
Surface charge |
Zeta potential |
Solid state analysis (crystallinity) |
Powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry |
Rheological properties (for liquid nanosuspensions) |
Viscometer, rheometer |