Table 1.

Ocular involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Structure	Clinical findings
Orbital and external eye disease	Discoid lupus-type rash over the eyelids
Panniculitis
Orbital masses
Periorbital edema
Orbital myositis
Orbital vasculitis, acute orbital ischemia and infarction
Conjunctival involvement	Conjunctivitis
Corneal involvement	Dry eye syndrome
Recurrent corneal erosions
Peripheral corneal infiltrates
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis
Interstitial keratitis
Endotheliitis
Keratoconus
Sclera and Episclera	Scleritis
Episcleritis
Uveal involvement	Anterior uveitis
Retinal involvement	Lupus retinopathy (cotton wool spots, intraretinal hemorrhages, and vascular tortuosity)
Retinal hard exudates
Retinal vasculitis
Retinal artery and/or vein occlusion
Arteriolar narrowing and arteriovenous crossing changes
Macular pigmentary mottling
Retinal scarring
Macular infarction
Choroidal involvement	Central serous chorioretinopathy
Neuro-ophthalmic findings	Optic nerve involvement
Optic neuritis
Ischemic optic neuropathy
Papilledema
Central nervous system vasculitis
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Nystagmus
Cranial nerve palsies
Homonymous hemianopia