Table 1.
Characteristics of a Sample of Community-Dwelling Adults Aged 65 Years or Older, by Race and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, Cardiovascular Health Study, United States, 1992–1993
| Characteristic | Race and Tertile |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (n = 2,727) |
Black (n = 514) |
|||||||||||||
| Lowest Tertile (n = 917) |
Middle Tertile (n = 893) |
Highest Tertile (n = 917) |
P Value | Lowest Tertile (n = 176) |
Middle Tertile (n = 167) |
Highest Tertile (n = 171) |
P Value | |||||||
| % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | |||
| NSESa | −8.05, −0.82 | −0.83, 1.67 | 1.68, 13.9 | −8.94, −4.55 | −4.56, −2.62 | −2.63, 10.5 | ||||||||
| Age, years | 72.1 (4.7) | 71.8 (4.9) | 71.9 (4.8) | 0.6 | 73.4 (5.6) | 72.5 (5.4) | 71.8 (5.1) | 0.02 | ||||||
| Female sex | 57.5 | 59.8 | 53.7 | 0.03 | 67.1 | 65.9 | 56.1 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Marital status | 0.09 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||
| Married | 69.5 | 71.4 | 74.7 | 44.3 | 48.5 | 56.2 | ||||||||
| Widowed | 22.9 | 21.6 | 18.1 | 40.9 | 34.7 | 25.7 | ||||||||
| Divorced or separated | 3.5 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 14.6 | ||||||||
| Never married | 4.1 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 4.2 | 3.5 | ||||||||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Did not complete high school | 35.6 | 21.3 | 9.8 | 47.2 | 37.1 | 26.9 | ||||||||
| High school graduate | 30.0 | 33.5 | 21.5 | 22.7 | 27.6 | 21.6 | ||||||||
| Beyond high school | 34.4 | 45.2 | 68.7 | 30.1 | 35.3 | 51.5 | ||||||||
| Annual income, dollars | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| <12,000 | 26.0 | 17.5 | 8.1 | 53.4 | 48.5 | 29.8 | ||||||||
| 12,000–24,999 | 41.7 | 38.4 | 22.8 | 30.1 | 29.9 | 26.9 | ||||||||
| 25,000–34,999 | 14.5 | 18.9 | 14.5 | 4.5 | 9.0 | 19.3 | ||||||||
| ≥35,000 | 13.3 | 18.5 | 47.3 | 4.0 | 7.8 | 21.1 | ||||||||
| Missing | 4.5 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 4.8 | 2.9 | ||||||||
| Occupation | <0.001 | 0.004 | ||||||||||||
| Professional | 28.9 | 36.5 | 50.8 | 23.9 | 34.7 | 42.7 | ||||||||
| Service | 12.9 | 20.0 | 15.9 | 7.4 | 11.4 | 12.9 | ||||||||
| Labor | 22.8 | 13.6 | 7.4 | 29.0 | 25.1 | 18.1 | ||||||||
| Housewife | 24.6 | 22.1 | 20.1 | 17.0 | 10.8 | 9.9 | ||||||||
| Other or missing | 10.8 | 7.8 | 5.8 | 22.7 | 18.0 | 16.4 | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 0.02 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||
| Normal | 46.4 | 46.4 | 51.9 | 22.1 | 26.3 | 31.0 | ||||||||
| Borderline | 15.7 | 15.0 | 16.4 | 13.1 | 14.4 | 12.3 | ||||||||
| Hypertensive | 37.9 | 38.6 | 31.7 | 64.8 | 59.3 | 56.7 | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 9.7 | 9.9 | 6.7 | 0.02 | 17.6 | 15.6 | 22.8 | 0.2 | ||||||
| CHD | 22.9 | 18.4 | 18.7 | 0.03 | 23.9 | 16.8 | 19.3 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Stroke | 4.9 | 5.4 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 7.6 | 0.4 | ||||||
| Baseline WMH | 35.3 | 34.4 | 31.0 | 0.1 | 40.3 | 31.1 | 33.3 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Incident WMHb | 10.3 | 6.6 | 10.1 | 0.07 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 4.1 | 0.2 | ||||||
| 3MS score | 92.1 (6.8) | 92.1 (6.5) | 93.4 (5.6) | <0.001 | 82.6 (10.8) | 86.8 (8.2) | 88.0 (8.0) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Annual change in 3MS score | −0.86 (0.08) | −0.81 (0.08) | −0.64 (0.08) | 0.1 | −1.01 (0.19) | −0.69 (0.19) | −0.56 (0.18) | 0.2 | ||||||
| DSST score | 39.0 (13.1) | 40.6 (12.4) | 44.1 (12.1) | <0.001 | 26.1 (13.8) | 30.6 (11.6) | 32.6 (13.3) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Annual change in DSST score | −1.00 (0.05) | −0.92 (0.05) | −0.95 (0.05) | 0.5 | −0.36 (0.11) | −0.61 (0.11) | −0.42 (0.10) | 0.2 | ||||||
Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; DSST, digit symbol substitution test; 3MS, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; NSES, neighborhood socioeconomic status; SD, standard deviation; WMH, white matter hyperintensities.
a NSES values represent minimum and maximum for each tertile.
b Among the 1,793 participants with follow-up MRI scans.