Table 1. Duration of the development of Metopolophium dirhodum as affected by glyphosate-based herbicide application on the parental females.

Stagea	Sexb	Developmental time in treatments (Mean ± SE)
		nc	Control	n	Low conc.	n	Medium conc.	n	High conc.
N1	All	32	2.16 ± 0.08	49	1.98 ± 0.07	49	2.10 ± 0.05	53	2.00 ± 0.05
N2	All	32	2.22 ± 0.11	47	1.98 ± 0.10	39	1.69 ± 0.08	39	2.05 ± 0.12
N3	All	32	2.03 ± 0.10	44	2.02 ± 0.09	36	2.11 ± 0.09	29	1.86 ± 0.14
N4	All	32	2.53 ± 0.13	41	2.59 ± 0.09	31	2.48 ± 0.13	22	2.18 ± 1.14
Adult	All	32	18.12 ± 1.26	41	18.02 ± 1.20	31	15.48 ± 1.22	22	13.77 ± 1.72
N1	F	32	2.16 ± 0.08	41	1.93 ± 0.05	31	2.10 ± 0.05	22	2.05 ± 0.05
N2	F	32	2.22 ± 0.11	41	1.93 ± 0.11	31	1.68 ± 0.10	22	1.95 ± 0.08
N3	F	32	2.03 ± 0.10	41	1.98 ± 0.09	31	2.06 ± 0.09	22	1.91 ± 0.16
N4	F	32	2.53 ± 0.13	41	2.59 ± 0.09	31	2.48 ± 0.13	22	2.18 ± 1.14
Adult	F	32	18.12 ± 1.26	41	18.02 ± 1.20	31	15.48 ± 1.22	22	13.77 ± 1.72
N1	N	–	–	8	2.25 ± 0.31	18	2.11 ± 0.11	31	1.97 ± 0.07
N2	N	–	–	6	2.33 ± 0.21	8	1.75 ± 0.16	17	2.18 ± 0.25
N3	N	–	–	3	2.67 ± 0.33	5	2.40 ± 0.24	7	1.71 ± 0.29
N4	N	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Adult	N	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Standard errors (SE) were estimated with bootstrapping (100,000 re-samplings).

^aN1–N4 indicates the first to fourth instars of the nymphs.

^bAll – all individuals; F – females; N – died before adulthood.

^cnumber of individual aphids that completed a stage.