Table 2. Reproduction and life table parameters of Metopolophium dirhodum as affected by glyphosate-based herbicide application.
| Parameter | Glyphosate treatment (Mean ± SE) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Low conc. | Medium conc. | High conc. | |||||
| Experiment 1 – filial generation | ||||||||
| λ (d−1) | 1.2793 ± 0.0052 | a | 1.2708 ± 0.0093 | a | 1.2217 ± 0.0140 | b | 1.1843 ± 0.019 | b |
| r (d−1) | 0.2463 ± 0.0041 | a | 0.2397 ± 0.0073 | a | 0.2002 ± 0.0115 | b | 0.1692 ± 0.016 | b |
| R0 (offspring individual−1) | 41.15 ± 2.60 | a | 31.30 ± 2.80 | b | 17.13 ± 2.56 | c | 10.15 ± 2.03 | d |
| T (days) | 15.09 ± 0.25 | a | 14.37 ± 0.21 | b | 14.19 ± 0.27 | b | 13.71 ± 0.41 | b |
| Fecundity (laid nymphs female−1) | 41.16 ± 2.60 | a* | 38.17 ± 2.31 | a* | 29.29 ± 2.79 | b* | 20.09 ± 2.97 | b* |
| Pre-oviposition period (days) | 0.78 ± 0.09 | ab | 0.59 ± 0.09 | a | 0.87 ± 0.06 | b | 0.91 ± 0.11 | b |
| Oviposition period (days) | 13.91 ± 0.77 | abNS | 14.80 ± 0.76 | a* | 11.64 ± 1.05 | bc* | 9.82 ± 1.09 | cNS |
| Pre-adult survival | 1.00 ± 0.00 | a | 0.82 ± 0.05 | b | 0.59 ± 0.07 | c | 0.35 ± 0.06 | d |
| Female stage duration (days) | 18.13 ± 1.24 | a* | 18.03 ± 1.18 | a* | 15.48 ± 1.20 | ab* | 13.78 ± 1.71 | b* |
| Longevity (days) | 27.06 ± 1.27 | a | 22.92 ± 1.44 | b | 16.26 ± 1.43 | c | 10.98 ± 1.19 | d |
| Experiment 2 – treated generation | ||||||||
| Fecundity (laid nymphs female−1) | 30.17 ± 3.52 | a* | 19.65 ± 3.88 | b* | 7.12 ± 2.76 | c* | 8.25 ± 2.09 | c* |
| Oviposition period (days) | 11.77 ± 1.07 | aNS | 8.65 ± 1.54 | ab* | 4.27 ± 1.45 | c* | 7.15 ± 1.10 | bcNS |
| Female stage duration (days) | 13.82 ± 1.44 | a* | 9.36 ± 1.81 | a* | 3.52 ± 1.05 | b* | 5.04 ± 0.97 | b* |
Standard errors (SE) were estimated with bootstrapping (100,000 re-samplings). The same letter within each row indicates that the groups of treatments are not significantly different from each other based on a paired bootstrap test. *significantly different between Experiments 1 and 2; NSnot significantly different between Experiments 1 and 2.