Figure 4. Same effect of early and late autophagy induction in Mtb infected hMDMs.

hMDMs were pre-infected with/without HIV for seven days before infected with H37Rv (MOI = 1) for 2 hours. hMDMs were then incubated with/without Torin1 (250 nM) for 3 days, added either directly or 3 days post infection. The graph shows the level of bacteria in cell lysates and supernatants. Data are mean ± SEM from 5 independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 were * represent the significance for lysate while (*) represents the significance for total bacteria (lysate + supernatant) using paired Student t-test. (See also Supplementary Fig. S2 for CFU confirmation of these lysates).