Table 1.

Assessment of neuropsychological functions in T2DM and normal subjects.

	Type 2 diabetes (N = 55)	Normal (N = 64)	P1	P2
K-MMSE	25.05 ± 0.48	25.81 ± 0.42	0.235	0.745
GDS	16.72 ± 1.14	15.42 ± 1.05	0.4	0.674
Attention
Digit span_Forward	5.96 ± 0.24	6.43 ± 0.18	0.11	0.256
Digit span_Backward	3.35 ± 0.20	3.84 ± 0.17	0.057	0.076
Language related function
K_BNT	43.85 ± 1.22	46.19 ± 1.11	0.161	0.391
Calculation	9.89 ± 0.37	10.73 ± 0.20	0.039	0.109
Ideomotor apraxia	4.91 ± 0.05	4.84 ± 0.07	0.461	0.554
Visuospatial function
RCFT_copy	25.84 ± 0.87	28.28 ± 0.58	0.019	0.047
Memory function
SVLT_IR	18.28 ± 0.72	20.27 ± 0.70	0.051	0.373
SVLT_DR	4.89 ± 0.40	6.5 ± 0.32	0.002	0.018
SVLT_REG	19.29 ± 0.35	20.58 ± 0.31	0.007	0.059
RCFT_IR	10.88 ± 0.88	12.43 ± 0.79	0.177	0.348
RCFT_DR	10.07 ± 0.82	12.4 ± 0.79	0.044	0.089
RCFT_REG	18.07 ± 0.35	18.97 ± 0.27	0.044	0.071
Frontal/executive function
Contrast program	19.27 ± 0.27	19.92 ± 0.03	0.019	0.018
Go_No_Go test	18.2 ± 0.43	19.16 ± 0.30	0.068	0.1
COWAT_Animal	13.6 ± 0.49	14.16 ± 0.48	0.42	0.75
COWAT_Supermarket	11.13 ± 0.57	12.64 ± 0.58	0.068	0.315
COWAT_Phonemic	17.42 ± 1.40	20.52 ± 1.43	0.127	0.176
Strooptest_Color reading	69.2 ± 3.69	81.05 ± 2.91	0.012	0.112

COWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; IR/DR/REG: immediate recall/delayed recall/recognition; K-BNT: Korean version Boston Naming Test; K-MMSE: Korean version Mini-Mental State Examination; RCFT: Rey Complex Figure Test; SVLT: Seoul Verbal Learning Test.

Data are presented as mean ± SEM. P < 0.05 (shown in italics) for T2D versus normal subjects. P1 was calculated by independent t-test and P2 was calculated by ANCOVA adjusted by age, gender, education, and hypertension.