Table 4. Neural Structure by Trauma Exposure (N=58).

	Trauma-exposed (n=22)a		Controls (n=36)
	M	(SD)	M	(SD)	F(1,53)b	P-value	βc	P-value
Volume (cc)3
Amygdala	3993.8	(379.5)	4303.1	(478.6)	1.99	0.17	−0.25*	0.034
Hippocampus	9308.0	(796.8)	10 016.1	(922.6)	5.54*	0.022	−0.29*	0.011
Total brain volume	1 500 413.2	(143 873.9)	1 587 849.7	(186 016.3)	8.15*	0.006	−0.26*	0.013
Thickness (mm)
Dorsal ACC	2.76	(0.16)	2.76	(0.21)	0.03	0.86	0.03	0.82
vmPFC	2.64	(0.12)	2.69	(0.13)	1.06	0.31	−0.13	0.32

Abbreviations: ACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

^aTwo trauma-exposed participants with MRI data did not finish the fear conditioning task.

^bUnivariate ANOVA with trauma exposure as a between subjects and age, sex, and total brain volume as covariates, with the exception of the model for total brain volume, which controls for age and sex.

^cRegression examining trauma severity add a predictor of neural structure with age, sex, and total brain volume as covariates, with the exception of the model for total brain volume, which controls for age and sex.

*P<0.05, two-sided test.