Table 1.

More frequent pathogens according to the surgical procedure

Type of surgery	Likely Pathogens
Placement of all grafts, prostheses, or implants	S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci
Cardiac	S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci
Neurosurgery	S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci
Breast	S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci
Ophthalmic (limited data, however, commonly used in procedures such as anterior segment resection, vitrectomy, and scleral buckles)	S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, streptococci, gram-negative bacilli
Orthopedic (Total joint replacement, closed fractured/use of nails, bone plates, other internal fixation device, functional repair without implant/device trauma)	S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, gram-negative bacilli
Non-cardiac thoracic (lobectomy, pneumonectomy, wedge resection, other non-cardiac mediastinal procedures) Closed tube thoracotomy	S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, S. pneumoniae, gram-negative bacilli
Vascular	S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci
Appendectomy	Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes
Biliary tract	Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes
Colorectal	Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes
Gastroduodenal	Gram-negative bacilli, streptococci, oropharyngeal anaerobes (e.g. peptostreptococci)
Head and neck (majorly procedures with incision through oropharyngeal mucosa)	S. aureus, streptococci, oropharyngeal anaerobes (e.g. peptostreptococci)
Obstetric and gynecologic	Gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, group B streptococci, anaerobes
Urologic	Gram-negative bacilli