Table 1.
Patient and hospital characteristics in the overall patients hospitalized for septic shock in U.S., 2005–2011
| Variablesa | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | Ptrend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | ||||||||
| Unweighted sample, n | ||||||||
| Overallb | 2827 | 2783 | 2996 | 3381 | 3438 | 3442 | 3393 | |
| Subgroup with vasopressor use | 484 | 523 | 545 | 518 | 559 | 645 | 607 | |
| Subgroup without vasopressor use | 2343 | 2260 | 2451 | 2863 | 2879 | 2797 | 2786 | |
| Weighted sample, n | ||||||||
| Overall | 13946 | 13628 | 14861 | 16563 | 17239 | 17292 | 16283 | |
| Subgroup with vasopressor use | 2392 | 2566 | 2664 | 2494 | 2789 | 3293 | 2910 | |
| Subgroup without vasopressor use | 11554 | 11062 | 12198 | 14069 | 14450 | 13999 | 13373 | |
| Age, y | ||||||||
| 18–29 | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | 0.46 |
| 30–39 | 3 (2–4) | 3 (3–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–3) | 0.26 |
| 40–49 | 7 (6–9) | 8 (7–9) | 9 (8–10) | 8 (7–9) | 7 (6–8) | 8 (7–9) | 7 (6–8) | 0.26 |
| 50–59 | 15 (13–17) | 16 (14–18) | 14 (13–16) | 16 (14–17) | 17 (15–18) | 15 (13–16) | 16 (14–18) | 0.58 |
| 60–69 | 19 (17–21) | 19 (17–21) | 20 (18–22) | 21 (19–23) | 21 (20–23) | 22 (20–24) | 24 (22–26) | <0.001 |
| 70–79 | 25 (23–28) | 24 (22–27) | 25 (22–27) | 24 (22–26) | 24 (22–26) | 24 (22–27) | 23 (20–25) | 0.02 |
| 80–89 | 23 (20–26) | 22 (20–25) | 21 (19–24) | 22 (19–24) | 22 (20–24) | 21 (19–23) | 21 (19–23) | 0.03 |
| ≥ 90 | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–5) | 0.70 |
| Male sex | 49 (49–49) | 49 (49–49) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 0.09 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 61 (54–69) | 54 (48–60) | 54 (48–60) | 57 (52–63) | 63 (57–69) | 64 (58–70) | 65 (59–71) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 7 (6–9) | 10 (8–12) | 9 (6–12) | 9 (7–11) | 8 (7–10) | 12 (9–12) | 11 (9–13) | 0.001 |
| Hispanic | 7 (5–9) | 10 (8–13) | 9 (6–11) | 8 (6–10) | 9 (7–11) | 10 (8–12) | 10 (8–13) | 0.09 |
| Asian/native/other | 4 (3–5) | 5 (4–6) | 6 (5–7) | 6 (5–7) | 6 (5–8) | 6 (4–7) | 6 (5–7) | 0.10 |
| Unknown | 20 (16–24) | 21 (17–26) | 22 (18–26) | 20 (15–24) | 14 (9–18) | 9 (6–11) | 8 (5–11) | <0.001 |
| Primary health insurance | ||||||||
| Medicare | 66 (60–72) | 65 (60–71) | 65 (59–70) | 64 (59–69) | 65 (60–69) | 64 (59–69) | 64 (60–69) | 0.34 |
| Medicaid | 10 (08–12) | 10 (08–12) | 09 (07–11) | 11 (09–12) | 10 (08–11) | 11 (09–13) | 11 (09–12) | 0.39 |
| Private | 19 (17–21) | 18 (16–20) | 20 (18–23) | 20 (17–22) | 20 (17–22) | 18 (16–21) | 19 (17–21) | 1.00 |
| Self-pay | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (3–4) | 3 (3–4) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (2–4) | 0.63 |
| Other | 2 (1–2) | 3 (2–4) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–4) | 0.14 |
| Estimated median household income | ||||||||
| 0–25 percentile | 27 (23–30) | 28 (23–32) | 29 (25–34) | 28 (25–32) | 28 (25–32) | 30 (26–34) | 29 (25–32) | 0.23 |
| 26–50 percentile | 26 (23–30) | 25 (22–28) | 25 (22–28) | 26 (23–28) | 25 (22–28) | 25 (22–27) | 24 (21–27) | 0.27 |
| 51–75 percentile | 24 (21–27) | 24 (21–27) | 23 (21–26) | 22 (19–25) | 23 (21–26) | 24 (21–26) | 27 (24–30) | 0.11 |
| 76–100 percentile | 23 (19–28) | 23 (19–27) | 22 (19–25) | 24 (20–28) | 23 (20–27) | 22 (19–25) | 20 (17–23) | 0.23 |
| Selected comorbidities | ||||||||
| Congestive heart failure | 30 (28–33) | 31 (29–33) | 31 (29–33) | 26 (24–28) | 28 (26–30) | 28 (26–29) | 31 (29–33) | 0.11 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 5 (4–6) | 6 (5–7) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–8) | 8 (7–9) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 15 (13–17) | 16 (15–18) | 18 (16–19) | 19 (17–20) | 19 (18–21) | 18 (16–19) | 21 (19–22) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 6 (5–7) | 6 (5–7) | 7 (6–8) | 0.002 |
| Renal failure | 14 (13–16) | 20 (19–22) | 21 (20–23) | 21 (19–23) | 23 (21–24) | 22 (20–23) | 24 (22–26) | <0.001 |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 4 (4–5) | 3 (3–4) | 4 (4–5) | 4 (3–5) | 5 (4–5) | 5 (4–5) | 5 (5–6) | 0.006 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||||
| Region | ||||||||
| Northeast | 29 (23–35) | 26 (22–31) | 24 (20–27) | 22 (18–25) | 20 (17–24) | 22 (18–26) | 20 (16–24) | 0.03 |
| Midwest | 21 (18–25) | 21 (17–25) | 21 (17–25) | 25 (21–28) | 25 (21–30) | 22 (18–27) | 23 (19–28) | 0.37 |
| South | 30 (26–34) | 31 (27–34) | 31 (27–35) | 32 (28–36) | 32 (29–35) | 37 (32–41) | 37 (33–42) | 0.02 |
| West | 19 (16–22) | 22 (19–26) | 24 (20–28) | 21 (18–25) | 23 (19–26) | 19 (16–22) | 19 (16–22) | 0.53 |
| Location/teaching status | ||||||||
| Rural | 11 (9–13) | 8 (7–10) | 10 (8–13) | 8 (7–9) | 9 (7–11) | 9 (7–12) | 9 (7–12) | 0.45 |
| Urban nonteaching | 47 (41–53) | 42 (37–46) | 43 (38–47) | 43 (38–47) | 45 (40–49) | 43 (39–47) | 43 (38–47) | 0.47 |
| Urban teaching | 41 (35–47) | 50 (44–56) | 47 (41–53) | 49 (44–55) | 46 (41–52) | 48 (41–54) | 48 (42–54) | 0.57 |
| Hospital control/ownership | ||||||||
| Government | 27 (23–30) | 28 (23–32) | 29 (25–34) | 28 (25–32) | 28 (25–32) | 30 (26–34) | 29 (25–32) | 0.97 |
| Private, non-profit | 26 (23–30) | 25 (22–28) | 25 (22–28) | 26 (23–28) | 25 (22–28) | 25 (22–27) | 24 (21–27) | 0.18 |
| Private, invest-own | 24 (21–27) | 24 (21–27) | 23 (21–26) | 22 (19–25) | 23 (21–26) | 24 (21–26) | 27 (24–30) | 0.02 |
| Others | 23 (19–28) | 23 (19–27) | 22 (19–25) | 24 (20–28) | 23 (20–27) | 22 (19–25) | 20 (17–23) | 0.53 |
Data are expressed as % (95 % CI) unless otherwise indicated
aPercentages may not equal 100 due to rounding
bThe number of overall patients may not equal the sum of the vasopressor group and non–vasopressor group due to rounding