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Effect of VYE on LPS-induced (a) TNF-α, (b) IL-6, and (c) IL-1β cytokine production in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mouse peritoneal macrophage cells were treated with VYE for 1 h prior to incubation with LPS for 24 h. Cytokine levels in the culture supernatant were analyzed by ELISA. As a control, the cells were incubated with vehicle alone. Data represent the means ± SE of three independent experiments. ** p < 0.001 compared to the LPS-stimulated value
