Table 1.

Association between LDL-C and all-cause mortality and CVD mortality, respectively, in 19 studies including 30 cohorts with 68 094 individuals from the general population above the age of 60 years

						All-cause mortality LDL-C tertiles or quartiles (HRs)
Authors	Race if indicated	Sex	N	Age; years	Obs. Years	I	II	III	IV	CV mortality	Exclusion criteria
Zimetbaum et al8		MF	350	75–85	6, 3	No association				NI	Terminal illness, dementia
Kronmal et al9		MF	747	66–75	10	No association				NI	None
			176	>75		No association				NI
Räihä et al10		MF	347	≥65	11	NI				No association	Living in an institution
Fried et al7		MF	5201	≥65	4.8	1.0	?	?	0.66 (significant)	NI	Wheelchair user; cancer treatment
Chyou and Eaker11		M	367	≥65	8–10	No association				NI	None
		F	622			No association
Weverling-Rijnsburger et al12		MF	599	≥85	4	1.0	0.57	0.71 p for trend*		No association	None
Schupf et al13		MF	2277	≥65	3	1.0	0.79	0.63	0.53 p for trend**	NI	Dementia
Tikhonoff et al14		M	1233	≥65	11, 1	Mirror-J-formed association with the highest risk in the lowest quartile				Almost U-formed association with the highest risk in the lowest quartile*	Dementia
		F	1887			Inverse association*				Mirror-J-formed association with the highest risk in the lowest quartile*
Störk et al15		M	403	>70	4	No association				No association	None
Akerblom et al16
Caucasians		MF	705	≥65	3.5	1.0	0.89	0.72	0.56*	NI	Dementia, first year deaths
African-Americans		MF	797			1.0	0.79	0.58	0.53*
Hispanics		MF	1054			1.0	0.79	0.79	0.71
Upmeier et al17		MF	1032	70	12	No association				No association	None
Nilsson et al18		M	210	75	10	No association				NI	None
		F	222			No association
Werle et al19		MF	187	≥80	8, 7	No association				No association	None
Bathum et al20†		M	13 733	60–70	1–9	1.0	0.67***	0.49***	0.45***	NI	Terminal disease, CVD, diabetes, patients with a prescription of statin during the last year before test date
			7493	≥70		1.0	0.71***	0.60***	0.52***
		F	14 298	60–70		1.0	0.56***	0.45***	0.47***
			9142	≥70		1.0	0.66***	0.52***	0.46***
Linna et al21		MF	1260	≥64	10	Inverse association**				NI	None
Jacobs et al22		MF	512	78–85	8	No association				NI	None
			702	85–90	5	No association
Takata et al23		MF	207	85	10	Survivors 3.2 mmol/L; non-survivors: 2.9 mmol/L**				No association	None
Lv et al24		M	266	≥80	3	1.0	0.67	0.43	0.41*	NI	First year deaths
		F	596			1.0	0.69*	0.57**	0.59*
		MF				1.0	0.72*	0.59**	0.60*
Blekkenhorst et al25		F	1469	≥70	10	NI				No association	None

In the study by Fried et al, degree of significance was not reported.

*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.

†HR for 7415 men and 8314 women on statin treatment was 0.63 and 0.61, respectively.

F, females; M, males; NI, no information.