Table 1.
Improvement in different physio-biochemical attributes of different crop plants by exogenous application of different types of jasmonates.
| Type of stress | Compound used | Concentration | Mode of application | Crop | Characteristics improved | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drought stress | Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) | 0.5 mM | Foliar spray | Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) | Concentration of beta-caryophyllene increased | Zheljazkov et al., 2013 |
| Drought stress | MeJA | 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mmol L-1 | Foliar spray | Tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum L.) | Showed positive effects by improving Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, ETR, qP, and qN under drought stress. Foliar applied MeJA alleviated degradation of chlorophyll and played a critical role in protecting PSII under drought stress | Wei-Wei et al., 2011 |
| Control (non-stress conditions) | MeJA | 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mM | Foliar spray | Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) | Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of pomegranate fruit increased | Vatanparast et al., 2012 |
| Fungal infection | MeJA | 100 mM | Seed pretreatment | Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] | Pathogen infection, mechanical wounding, and bark beetle attack minimized | Krokene et al., 2008 |
| No stress | MeJA | 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mmol L-1 | Foliar spray | Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) | MeJA improved vegetative and reproductive growth, yield and chlorophyll content of tomato plants, while had no significant effect on blossom end rot and leaf N, K content | Kazemi, 2014 |
| No stress | MeJA | 100 mmol L-1 | Foliar spray | Picea abies | It induced swelling of existing polyphenolic parenchyma (PP) cells and increased their phenolic contents and formation of additional PP cells | Franceschi et al., 2002 |
| Salt stress | MeJA | 0.1 and 0.01 μM | Seed soaking | Ocimum basilicum L. | MeJA improved seed germination percentage and stress tolerance in plants | Enteshari and Jafari, 2013 |
| Salt stress | MeJA | 5 mM | Foliar spray | Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. | MeJA maintained growth, gas exchange parameters, and leaf N-NO3 levels, while reduced Na+ concentration at low saline level. However, at a higher salt concentration i.e., 120 mM NaCl, no significant effect of MeJA was observed | del Amor and Cuadra-Crespo, 2011 |
| Drought stress | MeJA | 0.25 μM | Foliar spray | Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) | MeJA enhanced drought tolerance by increasing dark respiration rate, photosynthesis and the activities of SOD, POD, CAT enzymes, delayed plant senescence, and reduced MDA content mainly by improving the water status of wheat plants | Ma et al., 2014 |
| Salt stress | MeJA | 20 and 30 μM | Rooting medium | Soybean (Glycine max L.) | It improved plant growth, leaf photosynthetic and transpiration rate, chlorophyll and proline contents | Yoon et al., 2009 |
| Drought stress | Jasmonic acid (JA) | 50 mmol m-3 | Foliar spray | Pear | Enhanced betaine level, BADH activities and BADH protein contents | Gao et al., 2004 |
| Drought stress | MeJA | 50 μM | Foliar spray | Soybean | Improved drought tolerance in soybean plants by decreasing membrane lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidant activities | Anjum et al., 2011 |
| No stress | MeJA | 0.2 and 0.4 mM | Foliar spray | Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) | Exogenous MeJA significantly increased the densities of macro-hairs and salt glands on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces and those of prickles on the adaxial leaf surface | Kobayashi et al., 2010 |
| No stress | MeJA | 1120, 2240, and 4480 mg L-1 | Foliar spray | Apple | Improved ethylene, anthocyanin, and phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity increased linearly with increasing MeJA concentrations, regardless of the application interval: although MeJA treatments increased ethylene biosynthesis, they did not cause any softening; on the other hand, fruit firmness increased linearly with increasing MeJA concentrations | Ozturk et al., 2014 |
| Cadmium stress | MeJA | 0.1–1 μmol L-1 | Rooting medium | Kandelia obovata | Improved ascorbic acid contents and the activities of CAT and APX in Kandelia obovata, resulted in decreased Cd-induced oxidative damage | Chen et al., 2014 |
| Chilling stress | MejA | 10-4 M | Foliar spray | Mango | Exogenous application of MeJA improved fruit quality and total soluble solids, and enhanced chilling tolerance by reducing ion leakage in mango tissue | Gonzalez-Aguilar et al., 2000 |
| No stress | JA | 0.5, 5.0, and 10 μM | Foliar spray | Melon (Cucumis melo L.) | Regulated primary as well secondary metabolism, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and contents of ascorbic acid, coumarin and p-coumaric contents | Nafie et al., 2011 |
| No stress | MeJA | 250 μM | Foliar spray | Kale | MeJA significantly accelerated glucobrassicin (98%), quinone reductase, gluconasturtiin (56%), and neoglucobrassicin (150%) contents in the leaf of kale plants | Ku et al., 2014 |
| No stress | MeJA | 300 μM | Foliar spray | Artemisia annua | MeJA increased artemisinin content, but no correlation was found between gene expression and its content. MeJA-induced increase in artemisinin content may have been due to some other mechanisms | Mehrjerdi et al., 2013 |
| No stress | MeJA | 22.4 μL L-1 | Foliar spray | Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) | MeJA treated plants showed highest antioxidant capacity measured in terms of oxygen radical absorbance capacity. In addition, improved activities of SOD, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and dehydroascorbate reductase enzymes along with contents of AsA, dehydroascorbate, reduced and glutathione oxidized | Chanjirakul et al., 2006 |
| No stress | MeJA | 8, 16, and 24 μL L-1 | fumigation | Raspberry | Improved antioxidant capacity and total anthocyanins compared to the non-treated one but raspberry fruits could not maintain fruit quality | Ghasemnezhad and Javaherdashti,2008 |