Table 1. Baseline data.
| Characteristics | Intervention group | Control group | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | |||||
| Sex (male/female) | 50/172 | 43/113 | 0.263 | ||
| Age (years) | N=222 | 78± 6 | N=156 | 78±6 | 0.600 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | N=222 | 27±5 | N=156 | 27±5 | 0.574 |
| Living alone, N (%) | N=222 | 98 (44.0) | N=156 | 60 (38.5) | 0.197 |
| Physical function | |||||
| TUG (s) | N=222 | 13.0 ± 5.5 | N=155 | 16.2 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| 12.0 (5,0–40.8) | 14.0 (6.0–45.0) | ||||
| CST (s) | N=214 | 17,4 ± 9.3 | N=137 | 19.4 ± 10.1 | 0.024 |
| 15.0 (7,0–90.0) | 16.7 (7.6–68.0) | ||||
| mRomberg (sum) | N=221 | 25,4 ± 6,1 | N=153 | 24.0 ± 7.9 | 0.071 |
| 30.0 (2,0–30.0) | 30.0 (2.0–30.0) | ||||
| FES-I (sum score) | N=203 | 25,2 ± 8.2 | N=149 | 27.4 ± 9.8 | 0.010 |
| 23.0 (16,0–58.0) | 25.0 (16.0–58.0) | ||||
| Comorbidities | N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Fall last year | N=218 | 118 (54.1) | N=156 | 80 (51.3) | 0.587 |
| Dizziness | N=218 | 111 (50.9) | N=150 | 92 (61.3) | 0.048 |
| Parkinson’s disease | N=220 | 7 (3.2) | N=146 | 8 (5.5) | 0.278 |
| Stroke | N=220 | 26 (11.8) | N=150 | 18 (12.0) | 0.958 |
| Osteoporosis | N=211 | 74 (35.1) | N=148 | 45 (30.4) | 0.355 |
| Depression | N=217 | 45 (20.7) | N=145 | 34 (23.4) | 0.541 |
| Visual impairment | N=213 | 92 (43.2) | N=144 | 60 (41.7) | 0.775 |
| Type-2-Diabetes | N=218 | 58 (26.6) | N=149 | 52 (34.9) | 0.089 |
| High blood pressure | N=218 | 148 (67.9) | N=149 | 96 (64.4) | 0.490 |
| Body sway | N=213 | 91 (42.7) | N=148 | 65 (43.9) | 0.822 |
| Paralysis | N=217 | 7 (3.2) | N=147 | 6 (4.1) | 0.666 |
| Neurological deficits | N=212 | 46 (21.7) | N=140 | 22 (15.7) | 0.164 |
| Knee pain | N=216 | 125 (57.9) | N=151 | 87 (57.6) | 0.961 |
| Hip pain | N=215 | 87 (40.6) | N=149 | 72 (48.3) | 0.137 |
| ADL deficits | N=214 | 92 (43.0) | N=45 | 58 (40.0) | 0.573 |
| Walking aid | N=216 | 73 (33.8) | N=150 | 69 (46.0) | 0.018 |
| > 4 medications | N=206 | 123 (59.7) | N=128 | 87 (68.0) | 0.129 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and median (min-max), respectively;
ADL, Activity of daily living; BMI, Body-mass-index; CST, Chair Stand Test; FES-I, Falls Efficacy Scale – International; mRomberg, modified Romberg Test; TUG, Timed-Up-and-Go-Test; p-values for baseline differences (t-test for normal distributed data, Mann-Whitney U-test for skewed data)