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a Betanodavirus detection using published primers F2/R3 for first step (top) and RG668f/RG919r for nested PCR (bottom); b newly designed primers BARL-F1/BARL-R1 for first step (top) and BARL-F2/BARL-R2 for nested PCR (bottom) showing specific products; lane M DNA ladder (100 bp), lane N negative control, lanes 1–3 cell culture samples C1–C3 (positive control), lanes 4–7 healthy Asian seabass larval samples S1–S4 (known VNN-negative control)
