Table 3 . Studies Using Curcumin as PS .

Author/Year	Type	Samples	Bacteria	Groups	PS	Laser Source	Results
da Frota56 2015	invitro	planktonic	E. faecalis	1a) CUR, pre-irradiation for 5+5 min of irradiation, 1b) CUR, pre-irradiation for 5+10 min of irradiation, 2a) CUR, pre-irradiation for 5+5 min without irradiation, 2b) CUR pre-irradiation for 5+10 min of irradiation, 3a) physiological solution and irradiation for 5 min, 3b) physiological solution and irradiation for 10 min	Curcumin 20 μM	450 nm 100 mW/cm2 T: 5 min	Curcumin as photosensitizer was effective by 5 min LED irradiation and curcumin alone was not effective in eliminating E. faecalis.
Neelakantan et al572015	In vitro	Biofilms	E. faecalis	1) sterile saline, 2) 3% sodium hypochlorite, 3) 3% sodium hypochlorite + ultrasonic files, 4) 3% sodium hypochlorite + blue light, 5) curcumin (2.5 mg/mL), 6) curcumin (2.5 mg/mL) +ultrasonic files, 7) curcumin (2.5 mg/mL) + blue light	Curcumin 2.5 mg/mL	380–515 nm 1200 mw/cm2 T: 4 min	Light activation produced significantly higher antibacterial efficacy than ultrasonic agitation, with light activated curcumin producing the maximum elimination of biofilm bacteria within the root canal lumen and dentinal tubules.
Pileggi et al58 2013	In vitro	Planktonic suspensions or biofilms.	E. faecalis	1) Eosin-Y, 2) Rose bengal, 3) Curcumin	Curcumin 1 μM 5 μM 10 μM	(380–500 nm T: 240 s 450 mW/cm2	Blue light irradiation alone did not alter E. faecalis viability. For planktonic cultures, blue light activated eosin-Y (5 μM), rose bengal (1 μM), or curcumin (5 μM) significantly reduced E. faecalis compared to non-irradiated group. For biofilm cultures, concentrations of light-activated eosin-Y, rose bengal, and curcumin of 100, 10, and 10 μM respectively suppressed E. faecalis viability.