Table 3.

Normalized score change by section^a

Semester	Section	n	CA1 (± SEM)	p Value	CA2 (± SEM)	p Value
Fall 2012 traditional	—	47	−0.06 ± 0.05	—	0.04 ± 0.05	—
Spring 2013 online	—	88	−0.04 ± 0.04	1.000	−0.03 ± 0.03	0.982
Fall 2012 reform	—	62	0.21 ± 0.05	0.052	0.01 ± 0.04	1.000
Spring 2013 reform	a	96	0.45 ± 0.03	0.000	0.05 ± 0.03	1.000
	b	114	0.32 ± 0.03	0.000	0.06 ± 0.03	1.000
	c	140	0.23 ± 0.03	0.003	0.03 ± 0.03	1.000
Fall 2013 reform	a	58	0.25 ± 0.05	0.011	0.04 ± 0.04	1.000
	b	72	0.22 ± 0.04	0.020	0.03 ± 0.04	1.000

^aStudent normalized score change on content assessments in different course sections. The three reform sections in Spring 2013 are labeled “a,” “b,” and “c.” The Fall 2013 reformed sections are labeled “a” and “b.” Possible values range from −1 to +1 (1 representing a student who showed the maximum possible improvement on the posttest). p Value shown for comparison with the Fall 2012 traditional section for CA1 (one-way ANOVA, F(7, 669) = 17.5, p < 0.001, Scheffé post hoc), and CA2 (one-way ANOVA, F(7, 670) = 0.6, p = 0.69, Scheffé post hoc), with significant differences (p < 0.05) shown in bold.