Table 4.

Relationship between active-learning time and normalized learning change^a

Percentage active-learning time	n	CA1 score change	SEM	p Value	CA2 score change	SEM	p Value
20.0	72	0.22	0.04	0.002	0.04	0.04	0.997
23.3	58	0.25	0.05	0.020	0.04	0.04	1.000
29.0	140	0.23	0.03	0.000	0.03	0.03	0.995
32.0	114	0.32	0.03	0.174	0.06	0.03	1.000
38.1	96	0.45	0.03	—	0.05	0.03	—

^aLearning gains increase with increased use of active learning. Normalized score change on CA1 and CA2 by the amount of class time dedicated to active learning (active-learning time percent). p Value shown for comparison with the reform section with the highest percentage of active learning (CA1: one-way ANOVA, F(4, 476) = 6.9, p < 0.0001, Scheffé post hoc; CA2: one-way ANOVA, F(4, 476) = 0.15, p = 0.962), with significant differences (p < 0.05) shown in bold.