Table 2.

Study Sample Characteristics – Change in Physical and Cognitive Performance.

Δ over 12-Months╫	Non-fallers (N=35)	SD	Fallers (N=29)	SD	p-value*
MMSE (30 pts max)	−0.31	1.53	−0.14	1.73	0.75
MOCA (30 pts max)	−0.49	3.14	−0.38	2.14	0.98
GDS	0.53	2.19	−0.28	1.00	0.07
FCI	0.32	1.53	0.52	1.55	0.62
PPA	−0.03	0.94	−0.06	0.93	0.83
SPPB (12 pts max)	0.40	1.12	0.34	1.61	0.77
Gait Speed (m/s)	−0.07	0.23	−0.002	0.18	0.38
TUG (s)	0.57	4.20	−0.45	3.17	0.29
Stroop CW (s)	−5.79	18.38	−2.01	28.19	0.58
Stroop C (s)	−1.65	8.02	0.02	6.56	0.43
Stroop CW - Stroop C (s)	−4.23	16.22	−2.02	25.28	0.76
Trail B (s)	−5.83	27.77	−0.93	36.68	0.69
Trail A (s)	−1.97	17.70	−2.06	14.31	0.47
Trail B - A (s)	−3.72	28.26	1.13	40.16	0.48
(Trail B – A)/A	−0.03	0.55	0.13	0.78	0.33
Digit Forward	−0.34	2.15	0.24	2.36	0.12
Digit Backward	−0.17	1.90	0.14	1.51	0.33
Digit Forward - Backward	−0.17	3.17	0.10	2.97	0.55
DSST	1.60	4.83	−0.24	3.53	0.18

Statistical comparisons were conducted by performing ANCOVA on SPSS.

Note: BMI = Body Mass Index; MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Examination; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; FCI = Functional Comorbidity Index; ABC = Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale; PPA = Physiological Profile Assessment; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery; TUG = Time-Up-and-Go test; Stroop CW: Stroop Colour-Words condition; Stroop C: Stroop Coloured-X’s condition; DSST = Digit Symbol Substitution Test.

Two participants (one non-faller and one faller) did not participate in the 12-month assessments.

For Stroop CW - Stroop C, Trail B - A, and Digit Forward - Backward, negative scores reflect better performance over 12-months.

^*All comparisons were adjusted for baseline age, and total white matter hypointensity volume.

^╫Δ over 12-Months is calculated as 12-month performance minus baseline performance.