Table 3.
GABA Test-Retest Reliability
| Reference | Field strength | Subjects | Acquisition sequence | Interval | Analysis | Brain regions/voxels | Results, CV for GABA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evans et al. [29] | 3.0T | 8 HCs | MEGA-PRESS, 8-channel | 2.5 hours, 5 scans per subject | Frequency-domain spectral fitting Unsuppressed water normalization |
OCC, Sensorimotor/27 cm3 | Occipital, 6.5%; Sensorimotor, 8.8% |
| Bogner et al. [30] | 3.0T | 11 HCs | MEGA-PRESS | Variable; at least 1 day; 2–4 scans per subject | AMARES, jMRUI [42] Referencing to both tCr and unsuppressed water |
OCC/22.5 cm3 | GABA/tCR,13.3%; GABA/water, 15.0% |
| O’Gorman et al. [31] | 3.0T | 14 HCs | MEGA-PRESS | 4 scans within-session | LCModel [43], MATLAB, jMRUI; water referencing | DLPFC/30 cm3 | GABA, 7–12% (Glx,6–18%) |
| Geramita et al. [32] | 3.0T | 10 HCs | MEGA-PRESS, single-channel | 28–226 days (131 ± 78 days) | Frequency-domain spectral fitting Referencing to both tCr and unsuppressed water |
dACC, rFWM /18 cm3 | dACC GABA/W, 5.3%; rFWM GABA/W, 8.7%. dACC GABA/tCr, 6.5%; rFWM GABA/tCr, 8.2% |
| Harada et al. [33] | 3.0T | 15 HCs | MEGA-PRESS, single-channel | 1 week | LCModel | Lentiform nuclei, frontal lobe, ACC/ 27 cm3 | 4.6% |
| Wijtenburg et al. [34] | 7.0T | 4 HCs | STEAM, MEGA-PRESS, 32-channel | 8 ± 2 days | STEAM: LCModel MEGA-PRESS: Frequency-domain spectral fitting |
AC, DLPFC/STEAM:27 cm3 MEGA-PRESS: 34.2 cm3 |
AC STEAM, 3.5% DLPFCSTEAM, 16.2% AC MEGA-PRESS, 13.6% DLPFCMEGA-PRESS, 13.4% |
| Near et al. [35] | 3.0T | 17 HCs, male | MEGA-PRESS | 229 ± 42 days | jMRUI; ReferencingtotCr | OCC /27 cm3 | 0.2–12.3%; mean 4.3% |
| Gaetz et al. [36] | 3.0T | 5HCs | MEGA-PRESS | ~5 days, 5 scans per subject | jMRUI; referencing to tCr, NAA, and Glx | Motor cortex/27 cm3 Auditory cortex/24 cm3 Visual cortex:/27 cm3 |
6–14%; average ~10% over regions and referencing methods |
| Mikkelsen et al. [24] | 3.0T | 15 HCs × 2 cohorts | MEGA-PRESS with and without symmetric editing | 15 minutes | Gannet[44] | dACC/ 24 cm3 OCC/27 cm3 |
GABAT: 4.0% OCC, 14.8% dACC; GABA symmetric editing: 8.6% OCC, 12.6% dACC |
| Long et al. [37] | 3.0T | 5HCs, elderly | MEGA-PRESS | 2–28 days | LCModel comparing 2 basis sets | Cerebellum, left and right/ 15.6 cm3 | 4–13% |
| This study | 3.0T | 6 HCs | MEGA-PRESS, single-channel and 8-channel | 1 hour | Frequency-domain spectral fitting Unsuppressed water normalization |
DLPFC/9.5 cm3 | GABA, 3.6% single-channel; 1.3%, 8-channel (Glx, 2.8–3.5%) |
HC=healthy control; SCH=schizophrenia patient; DLPFC=dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; dACC=dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; OCC=occipital cortex; rFWM=right frontal white matter; tCr=total creatine/phosphocreatine; W=unsuppressed water; AC=anterior cingulate.