Table 1. Characteristics of the study populations.
| Population | n | Age (range) | Male sex | Weight | zBMIa | Schistosomiasis | STH | Malaria | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAB | PK | Rural | 16 | 9.0 (7–11) | 33.3% | 22 | 100.0% | 87.5% | 37.5% | |
| LA | Semi-urban | 23 | 8.0 (7–12) | 34.8% | 28 | 17.4% | 13.0% | 13.0% | ||
| GHA | AD | Rural | 68 | 10.0 (5–14) | 45.6% | 25 | −0.68 | 50.8% | 33.8% | 58.3% |
| MA | Rural | 87 | 10.0 (5–14) | 55.2% | 27 | −0.80 | 30.1% | 19.7% | 44.9% | |
| JT | Urban, low SES | 87 | 10.0 (6–17) | 66.3% | 27 | −1.16 | 0.0% | 17.1% | 0.0% | |
| UP | Urban, high SES | 81 | 9.0 (5–13) | 53.2% | 43b | 0.65b | 0.0% | 3.4% | 6.7% | |
| ECU | TA | Rural | 31 | 9.0 (8–12) | 51.6% | 26.6 | −0.43 | 93.5% | ||
| LP | Rural | 30 | 10.5 (8–12) | 36.7% | 28.6 | −0.08 | 66.7% | |||
| SA | Rural | 35 | 10.0 (8–12) | 57.1% | 29.0 | −0.60 | 68.6% | |||
| BZ | Rural | 24 | 10.0 (8–12) | 58.3% | 28.6 | 0.23 | 50.0% | |||
| ZG | Rural | 32 | 11.0 (8–12) | 50.0% | 31.6 | −0.14 | 71.9% | |||
| TR | Rural | 18 | 11.0 (8–12) | 66.7% | 30.1 | −0.48 | 27.8% | |||
| PO | Rural | 23 | 9.0 (8–12) | 56.5% | 27.0 | −1.91 | 4.3% | |||
| NLD | Urban and semi-urban | 20 | 9.5(8–12) | 60.0% | ||||||
| DEU | Healthy | Rural | 100 | 8.0 (6–11) | 40.0% | 30.1 | 0.45 | |||
| Urban | 25 | 9.0 (9–10) | 60.0% | 39.0b | 0.06b | |||||
| Asthmaticc | Rural | 49 | 9.0 (6–11) | 61.2% | 29.6 | 0.21 | ||||
| Urban | 24 | 9.0 (9–10) | 66.7% | 33.3b | 0.09b | |||||
Values represent medians (min-max), percentage male or prevalence. Age is shown in years and weight in kg.
aAge-standardised z-scores for body mass index (BMI) according to the WHO Reference40.
bInformation was available for <50% of participants.
cAsthmatic children were only included in the comparison of healthy and asthmatic Germans as in Fig. 4. For the other analyses, only healthy Germans were included. STH = soil-transmitted helminth infected, GAB = Gabon, GHA = Ghana, ECU = Ecuador, DEU = Germany, NLD = the Netherlands, SES = socioeconomic status.