Table 1. Current anti-inflammatory therapeutics and their CVD impact.

Drug	Disease	Target	Mode of action	Metabolic impact	CVD risk	References
Salsalate	IR/T2D	NFκB pathway	Inhibition of the NFκB pathway	↑ LDL ↑TC	Unknown	10, 11, 13, 27, 28
Thiazolidinediones	IR/T2D	PPARγ	PPARγ agonist	↑ Weight ↑ LDL ↑TC ↑ HDL	↓↑	29, 30, 31, 32
Anakinra	T2D	IL-1 receptor	Recombinant IL-1R antagonist	→ LDL	Unknown	15
Canakinumab	T2D	IL-1β	Anti IL-1β monoclonal antibody	↑TG	Unknown	39
Methotrexate	RA	T cells/B cells	Multiple mechanisms including inhibition of folate pathway/purine metabolism/T-cell activation/IL-1β/IL-1βR interaction	↑ LDL ↑ HDL ↑TC	↓	40, 41
Infliximab	RA	TNF-α signaling	Anti TNF monoclonal antibody	↑TC ↑ LDL ↑ HDL ↑ TG	↓↑→	42, 43, 44, 45, 46
Tocilizumab	RA	IL-6 receptor	Anti IL-6R monoclonal antibody	↑TC ↑ LDL	↓→	47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 68
Sgp130Fc	RA	IL-6 trans-signaling	Inhibits soluble form of IL-6R	Unknown	Unknown
Rituximab	RA	B cells	Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody	↑TC ↑ LDL	→	60, 61, 62, 63
Tofacitinib	RA	JAK-STAT signaling	Inhibitor of the JAK1 and 3 kinases	↑TC	Unknown	58, 59

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IL, interleukin; JAK, Janus N-terminal Kinase; IR, insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PPARγ, Peroxisome Proliferator Activator Receptor gamma; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; TC, total cholesterol; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TG, triglycerides; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.