TABLE 6. Odds ratios and 95% CI for bivariate and multivariable models for personal and interpersonal factors correlated with lifetime violence by family member.
| Odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate (Unadjusted models) | Adjusted Multivariable model 1 | Adjusted Multivariable model 2 | Adjusted Multivariable model 3 | |
| Woman | 2.28** (1.41–3.69) | 2.12** (1.17–3.82) | 1.90* (1.05–3.45) | 1.96* (1.02–3.78) |
| Widowed | 2.34* (1.22–4.51) | 1.64 (0.79–3.40) | 1.61 (0.76–3.37) | 1.79 (0.79–4.05) |
| Divorced/separated | 2.63** (1.55–4.44) | 1.62 (0.89–2.96) | 1.23 (0.65–2.32) | 1.17 (0.58–2.36) |
| Suitable income | 2.46** (1.51–4.01) | 2.28** (1.31–3.97) | 2.22** (1.27–3.88) | 2.24* (1.19–4.22) |
| Insufficient income | 3.41** (1.55–7.53) | 1.95 (0.71–5.31) | 1.95 (0.71–5.36) | 2.39 (0.76–7.46) |
| Few relationships | 4.51** (1.97–10.34) | 4.22** (1.65–10.78) | 4.28** (1.64–11.17) | 3.92* (1.34–11.42) |
| Poor quality relationships | 2.47** (1.54–3.97) | 2.27** (1.34–3.84) | 2.22** (1.30–3.78) | 2.11* (1.15–3.86) |
| Problems walking 400 m | 3.01** (1.41–6.41) | 1.07 (0.35–2.95) | 1.01 (0.34–2.98) | 1.08 (0.31–3.77) |
| At least one ADL limitation | 4.70** (2.44–9.05) | 2.48* (1.05–5.84) | 2.13 (0.89–5.10) | 1.53 (0.58–4.05) |
| Current smoker | 2.90** (1.52–5.54) | 2.15 (1.00–4.63) | 2.16 (1.00–4.69) | 1.94 (0.82–4.62) |
| Lifetime violence by partner | 4.16** (2.52–6.85) | 3.48** (1.96–6.19) | 3.58** (1.88–6.83) | |
| Hunger in childhood | 4.46** (2.20–.9.01) | 1.61 (0.58–4.44) | ||
| Parental substance abuse | 4.03** (2.46–6.60) | 1.57 (0.81–3.04) | ||
| Parental divorce in childhood | 3.69** (1.57–8.71) | 1.89 (0.60–5.97) | ||
| Witnessed violence at home as a child | 12.54** (7.63–20.6) | 9.46** (5.11–17.52) | ||
Abbreviation: ADL, activity of daily.
Notes: Reference categories are: man; being married; sufficient income; very good quality of relationships; no problems with walking 400 m; no problems with daily living activities; no experience of lifetime violence by partner; no hunger in childhood; no parental divorce; did not witness parents abusing alcohol or drugs; never witnessed violence at home.
Multivariable model 1 includes significant sociodemographic, health status and health behaviour correlates; model 2 builds on model 1 by adding lifetime violence by family member; model 3 builds on model 2 by adding early childhood circumstances. All multivariable models are adjusted for immigrant status (born outside of Canada), education, occupation and income.
p < .05;
p < .01.