TABLE 3. Multivariate linear or logistic regression analysis of socioeconomic gradients in cardiovascular risks in Canadian children, 6–11 years, by sex.
| Income adequacya | Highest parental educationa | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample, n | Lowest | Lower-middle | Upper-middle | p for trend | < Secondary | Secondary | Some post-secondary | p for trend | |
| β-coefficient (95% confidence interval) | β-coefficient (95% confidence interval) | ||||||||
| Boys | |||||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 860 | 0.68 (−0.82 to 2.19) | 0.90 (−0.31 to 2.10) | 0.47 (−0.50 to 1.45) | 0.27 | 2.85 (−0.45 to 6.16) | 0.63 (−1.07 to 2.34) | 1.49 (−2.07 to 5.04) | 0.15 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 860 | 0.75 (−1.11 to 2.62) | 0.82 (−0.36 to 2.01) | 0.54 (−0.64 to 1.72) | 0.36 | 3.18 (−0.25 to 6.61) | 0.46 (−0.87 to 1.79) | 1.71 (−2.62 to 6.04) | 0.15 |
| Aerobic fitness score | 608 | −17.1 (−38.8 to 4.75) | −10.1 (−26.5 to 6.35) | −7.33 (−23.6 to 8.93) | 0.11 | −18.3 (−49.8 to 13.3) | 5.54 (−19.1 to 30.2) | 18.8 (−8.08 to 45.7) | 0.15 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)b | 855 | −1.49 (−4.37 to 1.40) | 0.49 (−1.74 to 2.72) | 1.87 (−1.21 to 4.95) | 0.18 | 6.25 (1.25 to 11.2) | 0.55 (−3.95 to 5.05) | 0.99 (−5.65 to 7.64) | 0.018 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)b | 855 | −1.66 (−5.33 to 2.00) | 0.68 (−2.02 to 3.37) | 0.75 (−2.81 to 4.31) | 0.34 | 5.61 (0.70 to 10.5) | −0.03 (−5.06 to 4.99) | 0.20 (−4.09 to 4.49) | 0.02 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 753 | −0.08 (−0.98 to 0.82) | 0.41 (−0.42 to 1.24) | 1.21 (0.33 to 2.08) | 0.5 | 1.37 (−0.34 to 3.08) | −0.32 (−0.85 to 0.22) | 1.37 (−1.11 to 3.85) | 0.36 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 760 | 0.12 (−0.21 to 0.45) | −0.03 (−0.29 to 0.24) | 0.11 (−0.05 to 0.26) | 0.51 | −0.10 (−0.50 to 0.29) | −0.24 (−0.50 to 0.01) | −0.06 (−0.28 to 0.17) | 0.22 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 760 | −0.02 (−0.20 to 0.15) | −0.03 (−0.15 to 0.08) | 0.00 (−0.08 to 0.09) | 0.72 | 0.05 (−0.16 to 0.26) | −0.08 (−0.18 to 0.01) | −0.09 (−0.21 to 0.02) | 0.67 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 451 | −0.13 (−0.70 to 0.43) | 0.13 (−0.18 to 0.44) | 0.23 (0.06 to 0.40) | 0.56 | 0.02 (−0.34 to 0.38) | 0.06 (−0.35 to 0.46) | −0.38 (−0.63 to −0.12) | 0.41 |
| Log-triglyceride (mmol/L) | 458 | 0.17 (−0.07 to 0.40) | 0.06 (−0.02 to 0.13) | 0.04 (−0.00 to 0.08) | 0.13 | −0.05 (−0.22 to 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.06 to 0.11) | −0.12 (−0.37 to 0.13) | 0.93 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 447 | −0.09 (−0.36 to 0.17) | −0.22 (−0.51 to 0.06) | −0.19 (−0.48 to 0.11) | 0.22 | −0.07 (−0.35 to 0.21) | −0.01 (−0.38 to 0.37) | −0.03 (−0.25 to 0.20) | 0.91 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 443 | 37.0 (−18.2 to 92.2) | −1.62 (−13.3 to 10.0) | −2.88 (−14.5 to 8.75) | 0.16 | −11.5 (−41.6 to 18.5) | −7.42 (−26.0 to 11.2) | −15.2 (−32.6 to 2.28) | 0.56 |
| HOMA-IR | 440 | 0.90 (−0.87 to 2.66) | −0.36 (−1.25 to 0.53) | −0.44 (−1.38 to 0.50) | 0.28 | −0.47 (−1.50 to 0.55) | −0.42 (−1.37 to 0.52) | −0.58 (−1.20 to 0.05) | 0.43 |
| Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||||||||
| Overweight/obese | 860 | 1.40 (0.51 to 3.81) | 1.35 (0.61 to 2.95) | 1.47 (0.75 to 2.88) | 0.56 | 2.65 (0.81 to 8.65) | 1.82 (0.69 to 4.78) | 1.95 (0.58 to 6.51) | 0.18 |
| Poor aerobic fitness | 608 | 3.42 (0.93 to 12.4) | 1.36 (0.50 to 3.44) | 1.35 (0.52 to 3.37) | 0.07 | 1.42 (0.26 to 8.11) | 1.10 (0.16 to 7.99) | 0.83 (0.25 to 2.82) | 0.62 |
| β-coefficient (95 % confidence interval) | β-coefficient (95 % confidence interval) | ||||||||
| Girls | |||||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 833 | 1.23 (0.12 to 2.34) | 1.33 (0.70 to 1.97) | 0.55 (−0.23 to 1.33) | 0.006 | −0.97 (−2.35 to 0.41) | 0.21 (−0.97 to 1.38) | 0.13 (−1.04 to 1.30) | 0.18 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 833 | 0.95 (−0.53 to 2.42) | 1.30 (0.57 to 2.03) | 0.41 (−0.35 to 1.18) | 0.09 | −0.68 (−2.40 to 1.05) | 0.02 (−1.15 to 1.20) | −0.03 (−1.20 to 1.14) | 0.42 |
| Aerobic fitness score | 651 | −14.7 (−27.7 to −1.62) | −16.6 (−27.9 to −5.23) | −5.29 (−14.4 to 3.85) | 0.006 | −17.1 (−29.7 to −4.49) | −5.42 (−20.9 to 10.1) | 7.38 (−11.3 to 26.0) | 0.003 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)b | 829 | 0.23 (−2.94 to 3.41) | 0.29 (−1.37 to 1.96) | 0.29 (−1.16 to 1.74) | 0.88 | 3.34 (−0.02 to 6.71) | 1.29 (−1.27 to 3.86) | −0.35 (−3.53 to 2.82) | 0.036 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)b | 829 | −2.42 (−4.62 to −0.21) | −1.29 (−2.85 to 0.27) | 0.53 (−0.79 to 1.84) | 0.005 | 3.64 (−0.16 to 7.45) | −0.10 (−2.83 to 2.64) | −0.89 (−3.65 to 1.87) | 0.047 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 712 | 0.28 (−0.71 to 1.26) | 0.16 (−0.26 to 0.59) | 0.16 (−0.23 to 0.55) | 0.58 | 0.13 (−1.16 to 1.42) | −0.01 (−0.66 to 0.63) | 0.24 (−1.03 to 1.50) | 0.95 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 725 | −0.20 (−0.52 to 0.12) | 0.00 (−0.34 to 0.35) | −0.06 (−0.27 to 0.15) | 0.68 | −0.22 (−0.60 to 0.16) | −0.09 (−0.38 to 0.14) | 0.05 (−0.26 to 0.36) | 0.21 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 725 | −0.05 (−0.20 to 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.15 to 0.12) | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.03) | 0.82 | −0.12 (−0.28 to 0.04) | −0.13 (−0.24 to −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.11 to 0.06) | 0.047 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 440 | 0.10 (−0.25 to 0.44) | 0.17 (−0.20 to 0.54) | 0.08 (−0.15 to 0.32) | 0.5 | −0.03 (−0.49 to 0.43) | −0.07 (−0.40 to 0.26) | −0.16 (−0.60 to 0.28) | 0.99 |
| Log-triglyceride (mmol/L) | 440 | −0.01 (−0.12 to 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.00 (−0.06 to 0.06) | 0.92 | −0.06 (−0.17 to 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | −0.00 (−0.18 to 0.17) | 0.37 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 454 | −0.10 (−0.36 to 0.16) | −0.23 (−0.53 to 0.07) | −0.18 (−0.47 to 0.11) | 0.38 | −0.07 (−0.33 to 0.19) | −0.00 (−0.37 to 0.36) | −0.02 (−0.24 to 0.19) | 0.68 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 424 | 4.57 (−14.8 to 23.9) | 0.16 (−11.4 to 11.8) | −2.93 (−15.8 to 9.9) | 0.57 | −6.88 (−30.5 to 16.7) | 10.9 (−16.9 to 38.7) | 1.93 (−15.4 to 19.3) | 0.74 |
| HOMA-IR | 422 | −0.06 (−0.84 to 0.71) | −0.21 (−0.80 to 0.37) | −0.30 (−0.93 to 0.34) | 0.93 | −0.17 (−0.92 to 0.57) | 0.29 (−0.60 to 1.18) | −0.07 (−0.70 to 0.56) | 0.9 |
| Sample, n | Income adequacya | Highest parental educationa | |||||||
| Lowest | Lower-middle | Upper-middle | p for trend | < Secondary | Secondary | Some post-secondary | p for trend | ||
| Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||||||||
| Overweight/obese | 833 | 2.46 (1.10 to 5.48) | 2.63 (1.47 to 4.71) | 1.48 (0.80 to 2.71) | 0.01 | 1.20 (0.25 to 5.78) | 1.80 (0.74 to 4.38) | 1.15 (0.35 to 3.82) | 0.68 |
| Poor aerobic fitness | 651 | 2.12 (0.61 to 7.34) | 2.46 (0.98 to 6.16) | 1.28 (0.57 to 2.86) | 0.11 | 3.73 (1.22 to 11.4) | 1.36 (0.44 to 4.24) | 0.63 (0.14 to 2.89) | 0.01 |
Source: 2007–2011 Canadian Health Measures Survey.
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
Note: The fully-adjusted model controls for household income adequacy, highest parental education, age (continuous) and ethnicity.
a
Reference group: highest household income adequacy and parental post-secondary education.
b
Model additionally controls for height and heart rate.