. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 16.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Linguist Phon. 2015 Sep 1;30(3-5):249–276. doi: 10.3109/02699206.2015.1056884

Table 5.

Summary of significant contrasts found in acoustic (VOT, M1-M4) and ultrasound (DEI) measures for each participant. Direction of the effect in parentheses.

	Overt contrast		No overt contrast
	Emma	Jayden	Rory	Max, Session 1	Max, Session 2
VOT	Target place (velar > alveolar)
M1	Target place (alveolar > velar) Vowel context (front > back)
M2	Target place (alveolar > velar)				Vowel context (front > back)
M3	Target place (velar > alveolar)		Vowel context (front > back)
M4	Target place (velar > alveolar)		Vowel context (front > back)	Target place (velar > alveolar) Vowel context (back > front) Target-vowel interaction (greater difference in back than front vowel context)
DEI	Target place (velar > alveolar) Vowel context (front > back) Position (initial > final) Target-vowel interaction (greater difference in back than front vowel context)	Target place (velar > alveolar) Target-position interaction (greater difference in final than initial position)		Vowel context (back > front) Target-vowel interaction (greater difference in front than back vowel context)	Target place (velar > alveolar)