Extended data figure 8.

(A-K) Emulsifiers-induced metabolic syndrome is partially reversible by 6 weeks post-emulsifier treatment. (A) Schematic representation of the experiment. (B, C) Body weight over time, (D) fat-pad weight, (E) fecal levels of the inflammatory marker Lcn2 over time, (F) MPO levels, (G) food intake measurement, (H) 15-hours fasting blood glucose concentration, (I) colon weights, (J) colon lengths and (K) spleen weights. Data are the means +/- S.E.M. (n=5). Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with Sidak test (* indicates p<0.05 compared to water-treated group) or 2-way group ANOVA (# indicates p<0.05 compared to water-treated group). (L-S) Sodium sulfite did not induce robust or low-grade intestinal inflammation. WT and IL10^−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing sodium sulfite (1.0%) for 12 weeks. (L, M) Body weight over time, (N) colon weights, (O) colon lengths, (P) spleen weights, (Q) fat-pad weight, (R) MPO levels and (S) serum levels of the inflammatory marker Lcn2. Data are the means +/- S.E.M. (n=5). Points are from individual mice. Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with Sidak test. (T-W) Dietary emulsifiers promote metabolic syndrome in TLR5^−/− mice. TLR5^−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks. (T) Body weight over time, (U) fatpad weight, (V) food intake measurement, and (W) 15-hours fasting blood glucose concentration. Data are the means +/- S.E.M. (n=5). Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with Sidak test (* indicates p<0.05 compared to water-treated group) or 2-way group ANOVA (# indicates p<0.05 compared to water-treated group). (X-AF) Emulsifier-supplemented chow promotes intestinal inflammation in TLR5^−/− mice. TLR5^−/− mice were given mouse chow containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks. (X) Fecal levels of the inflammatory marker Lcn2 over time, (Y) MPO levels, (Z) food intake measurement, (AA) 15-hours fasting blood glucose concentration, (AB) colon weights, (AC) colon lengths, (AD) spleen weights, and PCR-based quantification of (AE) total bacterial load and (AF) bacterial load adhered to colonic mucosa. Data are the means +/- S.E.M. (n=5). Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with Sidak test or using two-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with Bonferroni test, * indicates p<0.05 compared to control group. (AG-AO) Dose response characterization of dietary emulsifiers on intestinal inflammation in TLR5^−/− mice. TLR5^−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing 0.1-1.0% P80 for 12 weeks. (AG) Body weight over time, (AH) fat pad weight, (AI) fecal levels of the inflammatory marker Lcn2 over time, (AJ) MPO levels, (AK) food intake measurement, (AL) 15-hours fasting blood glucose concentration, (AM) colon weights, (AN) colon lengths, and (AO) spleen weights. Data are the means +/- S.E.M. (n=3). Points in D are from individual mice. Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with Sidak test (* indicates p<0.05 compared to water-treated group) or 2-way group ANOVA (# indicates p<0.05 compared to water-treated group).