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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 16.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2015 Feb 25;519(7541):92–96. doi: 10.1038/nature14232

Extended data figure 2.

Extended data figure 2

(A-H) Dietary emulsifiers induce profound alterations in gut microbiota composition in WT and IL10−/− mice. WT and IL10−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks. (A, E) Day 0 and (B, F) day 93 microbiota richness and diversity in WT (A, B) and IL10−/− (E, F). (C-D, G-H) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the unweighted UniFrac distance matrix of fecal microbiota (C, G) and mucosa-associated bacteria (D, H) in WT (C-D) and IL10−/− (G-H) mice. Treatment of each mouse is indicated by point color and matching colored circles represent clustering by treatment (blue = water; orange = CMC; purple = P80). Black dashed circles represent mice sharing a cage. Data are the means +/- S.E.M. (n=5, except n=4 for WT mice P80-treated, n=4 for IL10−/− mice CMC-treated and n=9 for IL10−/− mice water-treated). Significance was determined using 2-way group ANOVA (# indicates p<0.05) compared to water-treated group. (I-J) Phylum characterization of emulsifier-induced alteration of gut microbiota composition in WT and IL10−/− mice. WT and IL10−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks. Relative abundance of phyla are represented for fecal microbiota at day 93 (I) and for colonic mucosa associated bacteria (J). Data are the means +/- S.E.M. (n=5). Significance was determined using two-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with Bonferroni test, * indicates p<0.05 compared to water-treated group. (K-O)Dietary emulsifiers induce profound alterations in gut microbiota composition in TLR5−/− mice. TLR5−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks. (K) Day 0 and (L) day 93 microbiota richness and diversity (n=5). (M-O) PCoA of the unweighted UniFrac distance matrix of fecal microbiota at day 0 (M), day 93 (N) and of mucosa-associated bacteria (O). Data are the means +/- S.E.M. (for M, n=4, 5 and 5 for water, CMC and P80-treated groups, respectively; for N, n=4, 5 and 3 for water, CMC and P80-treated groups, respectively; for O, n=4). Significance was determined using 2-way group ANOVA (# indicates p<0.05) compared to water-treated group. (P-T) Prevalence analysis of OTUs related to mucolytic bacteria in IL10−/− mice treated with dietary emulsifier. IL10−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks. OTUs (P) Prok_MSA # 52947 (related to Clostridium perfringens), (Q) 264696 (related to Akkermansia muciniphila), (R) 315982 (related to Clostridium perfringens), (S) 363731 (related to Akkermansia muciniphila), and (T) 178331(related to Akkermansia muciniphila) were analyzed. Data are expressed as % of the total sequences analyzed and are the means +/- S.E.M. (n=6, except n=9 for IL10−/− mice water-treated). Significance was determined using two-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with Bonferroni test, * indicates p<0.05 compared to water-treated group.