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A schematic illustration of TH9 cell-mediated antitumor immunity induced by GITR co-stimulation. GITR triggering inhibits iTreg cell generation and promotes TH9 cell differentiation. IL-9 production triggers epithelial cells to chemoattract DCs into the tumor and enhances the cross-presentation and costimulatory capacity of the tumor-infiltrating DCs. These tumor-Ag-crosspresenting DCs then potentiate tumor-specific CD8+ CTL responses, thereby facilitating tumor regression.
