. 2016 Jun 14;8(Suppl 1):57–77. doi: 10.4137/NMI.S29531

Table 1.

Comparison of chromosomal loci of alcohol/aldehyde metabolic genes with selective genes implicated in alcoholism and autism spectrum disorder.^*

ALCOHOL/ALDEHYDE METABOLISM		ALCOHOLISM			AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
GENE	LOCI	GENE	LOCI		GENE	LOCI
					Risk loci⁹⁸	1q21.1
					CHDIL	1q21.1
ALDH9A1 3rd step of carnitine biosynthesis; also ABA pathway	1q22-q23 (or 1q24.1)
		SERINC2¹⁵⁰	1p35.2
		OPRD1	1p35.3
					AUTS11	1q41
ALDH4A1^§ Hyperprolinemia type II, seizures	1p36.13 (or 1p36)
					NRXN1	2p16.3
XDH or XO Acetaldehyde oxidation	2p23.1
					AUTS5	2q
					SCN2A	2q24.3
ALDH7A1P2	2q31.1
					ZNF804A¹¹³	2q32.1
					IP ₃R¹⁵¹	3p26.1
ALDH1L1 Tetrahydrofolate metabolism	3q21.3
					SLC9A9	3q24
					AUTS8	3q25-q27
					Risk loci⁹⁸	3q29
		GABRA2	4p12
					GABA4	4p12
					CD38¹⁰⁸	4p15.32
		SNCA REP1	4q22.1
ADH family Ethanol, retinol & neurotransmitter metabolism	4q21-4q25	ADH1B	4q23
		ADH1C^†	4q23		ADH1C^†,¹⁰⁴	4q23
		ADH4	4q23
		ADH7	4q23
		DKK2	4q25
ALDH7A1P1	5q14 (Gene Atlas)
ALDH7A1^§ Antiquitin, seizures Lipid peroxidation metabolism	5q23.2
		GABA-A	5q34
ALDH5A1^§ SSADH Deficiency	6p22.3
ALDH8A1 Retinol metabolism	6q23.3 (6q24.1-q25.1)
		NYP	7p15
		Ethanol Consumption^†,¹⁰⁶	7q11.22		AUTS2^†,¹⁰⁶	7q11.22
					AUTS1	7q22
					AUTS9	7q31
		TAS2R16		7q31.32
		CHRM2		7q35
					AUTS10	7q36
					CNTNAP2	7q35-q36
ALDH7A1P3	7q36.1
		OPRK1		8q11.23
ALDH1B1Ethanol detoxification	9p13.2
ALDH1A1 Ethanol & retinolmetabolism	9q21.13
ALDH18A1^§ Glutamate metabolism	10q24.1
CYP2E1 Metabolism of ethanol, drugs, hormones, & xenobiotic toxins	10q26.3	CYP2E1^†,¹⁵²,¹⁵³		10q26.3	CYP2E1^†,¹⁰⁵	10q26.3
CAT Ethanol metabolism	11p13
					SHANK2	11q13
ALDH3B1 Ethanol metabolism Lipid peroxidation	11q13.2
ALDH3B2	11q13.2
AASDHPPT α-aminoadipate dehydrogenase-phosphopante-theinyl transferase Lysine degradation	11q22
		ANKK1		11q23
		DRD2		11q23
		PKNOX2¹⁵⁰		11q24.2
					GRIN2B	12p13.1
					AUTS13	12q14
ALDH1L2 Tetrafolate metabolism	12q23.3
ALDH2 Ethanol metabolism	12q24.2	ALDH2		12q24.2
					AUTS3	13q14.2-q14.1
		HTR2A		13q14.2
		RCBTB1		13q14.2
					CHD8	14q11.2
ALDH6A1^§ Methylmalonate semial-dehyde dehydrogenase deficiency	14q24.3
		NRXN3^†		14q24.3-q31.1	NRXN3^†	14q24.3q31.1
					AUTS4	15q11.2-q13
					Risk loci⁹⁸	15q11.2-q13
ALDH1A2 Retinoic acid biosynthesis	15q21.3
ALDH1A3^§ Microphthalmia; autism; anophthalmia; retinoic acid biosynthesis; and possibly GABA problem in mice	15q26.3				ALDH1A3^§	15q26.3
					Risk loci⁹⁸	16p11.2
					AUTS14A	16p11.2
					AUTS14B	16p11.2
ALDH3A1 Major corneal protein	17p11.2
ALDH3A2^§ Oxidation of long chain fatty aldehydes in lipid metabolism; Sjörgren-Larsson syndrome	17p11.2
		SLC6A4^†	17q11.2		SLC6A4^†	17q11.2
					AUTS7	17q21
ALDH16A1	19q13.33
					AUTS12	21p13-q11
		COMT	22q11
					Risk loci⁹⁸	22q11.2
					Risk loci⁹⁸	22q13.33
					NLGN3	Xq13.1
					NLGN4	Xp22.32-p22.31
					MECP2	Xq28 Rett syndrome
					PTCHD1	Xp22.11
					RPL10	Xq28
					TMLHE	Xq28

Notes:

The susceptibility chromosomal loci or genes for each disorder were listed in OMIM¹⁵⁴ unless otherwise specified.

^§

fLoss of function in these genes are associated with single-gene disorders that express symptoms similar to those found in ASD.

^†

These genes have been implicated in both alcoholism and autism.