Table 1. Characteristics of prospective observational studies included in the qualitative systematic review or quantitative meta-analysis.
| Author, year | Country | Cohort | Outcome | Population, Follow-up (years) | Age at entry (years) | Sex | Dairy products (categories) | Adjustment | Dietary assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Babio et al. 2015 | Spain | PREDIMED | Risk of abdominal obesity | 1868, 3.2 | 55–80 | M&W | Tertiles of yogurt consumption (≥450g/daily vs. ≤287g/daily) (low fat vs. high-fat); | Intervention group, sex, age, leisure time physical activity, BMI, current smoker, former smoker, use of hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, and insulin treatment at baseline, plus mean consumption during follow-up of vegetables, fruit, legumes, cereals, fish, red meat, cookies, olive oil, and nuts, as well as alcohol | FFQ |
| Drapeau et al. 2004 | Canada | Quebec Family Study | Changes in body weight/ WC | 248, 6 | 18–65 | M&W | Skimmed and partly skimmed milk (BW, WC), Yogurt with <2% fat (WC) | All variables are adjusted for initial age, baseline body-weight, or adiposity indicators and changes in daily physical activity level (only yogurt) | 3-day dietary records |
| Duffey et al. 2010 | USA | CARDIA | Risk of high WC (>102 cm for men, >88 cm for women) | 5040, 20 | 18–30 | M&W | Low fat milk, whole fat milk | For race, sex, exam center, year 0 age, weight, smoking status, energy from food, total physical activity, energy from the 3 other beverages, energy from alcohol | FFQ |
| Esfahani et al. 2014 | Iran | Teheran Lipid and Glucose Study | Changes in body weight (≥0.5 kg) | 851, 3 | 19–78 | M&W | Dairy foods (increased or decreased intake) | Age, body weight, education level, smoking behavior, physical activity | FFQ |
| Fumeron et al. 2011 | France | DESIR | Changes in WC | 3417, 9 | 30–65 | M&W | Dairy consumption score (4 vs 1) | Gender, age, smoking, physical activity, fat intake, BMI | FFQ |
| Funtikova et al. 2015 | Spain | Population based survey Girona | Changes in WC, Risk of abdominal obesity | 2181, 10 | 25–74 | M&W | 100 kcal increase in whole milk, or skim and low-fat milk, Highest (≥200 ml) vs. lowest (no consumption) tertile of whole milk, skim and low-fat milk | Sex, age, baseline WC, smoking, energy intake, education level, physical activity, energy-under and over-reporting. Modified Mediterranean diet score | FFQ |
| Holmberg et al. 2013 | Sweden | Cohort from the Swedish National Farm Register | Central obesity (WHR≥1) | 1322, 23 | 40–60 | M&W | High fat versus low fat milk, Butter versus low fat margarine/nothing, Whipping cream vs never | Crude | 15-item questionnaire |
| Kaikkonen et al. 2015 | Finland | Young Finns Study | Changes in weight, and BMI (baseline) | 1715, 6 | 24–39 | M&W | Monthly use of industrial milk products | n.d | FFQ |
| Martinez-Gonzalez et al. 2014; Sayón-Orea et al. 2015 | Spain | SUN | Changes in body weight; and risk of overweight and obesity; risk of abdominal obesity | 8516, 6.6 | Mean age 37.1 (±10.8) | M&W | Quintiles of yogurt consumption (low fat vs. high-fat) (0–2/week vs. >7/week) | Sex, age, baseline weight, physical activity, hours of TV watching, hours spent sitting down, smoking status, snacking between meals, following a special diet, total energy intake, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, marital status, and years of education | FFQ |
| Mozaffarian et al. 2011; Pan et al. 2013 | USA | NHS I, NHS II, HP | Changes in body weight (kg/each 4 years) | 50422, 20; 47898, 12; 22557, 20 | 52.2±7.2, 37.5±4.1, 50.8±7.5 | M&W | Whole fat dairy (butter, cheese, milk); low fat dairy (yogurt, milk) | Age, BMI, television watching, sleep duration, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking, and all of the dietary factors | FFQ |
| Nikolaou et al. 2014 | United Kingdom | students | Changes in body weight | 1275, 9-months | 20 | M&W | 2–3x daily 30grams vs. lower intake | Baseline weight, height, age, and gender | FFQ |
| Pereira et al. 2002 | USA | Cardia | Obesity (among individuals overweight at baseline) | 3157, 10 | 18–30 | M&W | All dairy products Reduced fat; High fat; Milk and milk drinks; Cheese and sour cream; Butter and cream; Dairy-based desserts; yogurt | Age, sex, race, calorie intake, study center, baseline BMI, education, daily alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, vitamin supplements, dietary factors, dairy components | FFQ |
| Poddar et al. 2009 | USA | College students | Changes in body weight, WC | 76, 1 | Mean age = 19.2 ±0.2 | M&W | Low fat dairy (0.14 vs. 0.84 servings/day) | Energy intake, race, sex, BMI, percent total body fat | 7-day food record |
| Rajpathak et al. 2006 | USA | HP | Changes in body weight | 19615, 12 | 40–75 | M | Quintiles of Total dairy, High fat dairy, Low fat dairy | Age, baseline weight, change in smoking status, baseline and change in physical activity; changes in intake of calories, alcohol, total fat, cereal fiber, glycemic load, fruit and vegetables, whole grains, trans fat, caffeine, and low- and high-caloric soft drinks; and baseline intakes of all dietary covariates | FFQ |
| Rautiainen et al. 2016 | USA | WHS | Changes in body weight; Risk of overweight or obesity | 18438, 11.2 | ≥45 | W | Quintile of Total dairy, High fat dairy, Low fat dairy | Age, randomization treatment, smoking status, physical activity, postmenopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, history of hypercholesterolemia, history of hypertension, multivitamin use, alcohol intake, energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake, BMI | FFQ |
| Romaguera et al. 2011; Halkjæret al. 2009 | European Union | EPIC | Changes in WC | 48631, 5.5 | Exclusion baseline >60 years; And follow-up >65 | M&W | Dairy products, Milk, Yogurt, Cheese (100 kcal increments in intake) | Total energy intake, age, baseline weight, baseline height, baseline WC, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, education, follow-up duration, menopausal status (women only), and hormone replacement therapy use (women only) | FFQ |
| Rosell et al. 2006 | Sweden | Swedish Mammography Cohort | Weight gain (≥1 kg) | 19352, 8.8 | 40–55 | M&W | Whole milk and sour milk, 3% fat, Medium-fat milk, 1.5% fat, Low-fat milk and sour milk, 0.5% fat, Cheese, Butter | Age, height and weight at baseline, education, parity, intake of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, alcohol and changes in intakes during follow-up, type of dairy | FFQ |
| Sanchez-Villegas et al. 2006 | Spain | SUN | Changes in body weight | 6319, 2 | University graduates Mean: 38 | M&W | Whole fat dairy: <122.4, 122.4–254.2, > 254.2 | Age, gender, baseline BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, energy intake, change in dietary habits | FFQ |
| Samara et al. 2013 | France | STANISLAS | Changes in body weight, WC | 588, 5 | 28–60 | M&W | Milk, yogurt and cottage cheese, cheese | Age, physical activity, alcohol, cigarette consumption, energy intake, education level, mean adequacy ratio index, value of MetS-related variable at entry | 3-day food diary |
| Shin et al. 2013 | Korea | Anseong and Ansan cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study | Risk of abdominal obesity | 7240, 3.8 | 40–69 | M&W | Dairy and milk consumption (none vs. ≥ times/week) | Age, sex, physical activity, daily alcohol consumption, smoking pack-year, income, education, total energy intake | FFQ |
| Snijder et al. 2008 | Holland | Hoorn Study | Changes in body weight, and WC | 1124, 6.4 | 50–75 | M&W | Total Dairy (servings/day) | Age, sex, total energy intake, baseline value of the outcome variable, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity | FFQ |
| Vergnaud et al. 2008 | European Union | SU.VI.MAX | Changes in body weight, and WC | 2267, 6 | 25–70 | M&W | Total dairy, milk, cheese, yogurt (Quartile consumption) | Intervention group, baseline value of the outcome, educational level, smoking status, physical activity level, energy intakes, mean adequacy ratio, and intakes of alcohol | FFQ |
| Wang et al. 2013 | USA | Framingham Heart Study Offspring | Changes in body weight, and WC | 3440, 12.9 | 28–62 | M&W | total dairy; high-fat; low-fat; skim low fat-milk; cheese; yogurt (<1 servings/1-<3 servings, ≥3 servings) | Sex and time-varying variables including age, smoking status, physical activity and weight at the beginning of each exam interval, and average total energy intake and Dietary Guidelines Adherence Index (DGAI) score during each exam interval | FFQ |
| Zong et al. 2013 | China | Nutrition and Health of Aging Population in China | Changes in WC | 3289, 6 | 50–70 | M&W | Serving dairy | Age, sex, region, residence, smoking status, family history of diabetes, BMI (not for BMI and waist circumference), dietary fiber intake, and baseline values of respective variables | 74-item FFQ |
BMI: body mass index; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; n.d., no data; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio.