Table 2.
Results of multilevel regression analyses after adjustment for background characteristics.
| Model: First contact care ni = 32*; nj = 12 534 | Model: Treatment of diseases ni = 32*; nj = 12 493 | Model: technical procedures ni = 32*; nj = 12 374 | Model: Prevention ni = 32*; nj = 12 559 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cons | 2.985 (0.069) | 2.973 (0.042) | 2.105 (0.107) | 0.245 (0.018) |
| Year (2012) | −0.089 (0.056) | 0.278 (0.043) | −0.017 (0.050) | −0.054 (0.019) |
| Age | −0.001 (0.000) | 0.002 (0.000) | −0.001 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) |
| Sex (Female) | −0.011 (0.009) | −0.036 (0.008) | −0.152 (0.009) | −0.003 (0.003) |
| Practice location:** | −0.163 (0.012) | −0.096 (0.011) | −0.260 (0.013) | −0.003 (0.005) |
| – Big (inner) city | −0.137 (0.011) | −0.069 (0.010) | −0.203 (0.011) | −0.002 (0.004) |
| – Suburbs/small town | −0.069 (0.012) | −0.038 (0.011) | −0.070 (0.013) | 0.011 (0.005) |
| – Mixed urban/rural | −0.003 (0.009) | −0.011 (0.009) | 0.054 (0.010) | −0.003 (0.004) |
| Duo/group practice*** | ||||
| Variance within countries: | ||||
| 1993 | 0.177 (0.003) | 0.139 (0.002) | 0.196 (0.003) | 0.044 (0.001) |
| 2012 | 0.176 (0.003) | 0.172 (0.003) | 0.173 (0.003) | 0.019 (0.000) |
| Variance between countries: | ||||
| 1993 | 0.215 (0.044) | 0.092 (0.020) | 0.684 (0.125) | 0.013 (0.003) |
| 2012 | 0.159 (0.033) | 0.115 (0.024) | 0.679 (0.124) | 0.014 (0.003) |
| ICC: | ||||
| 1993 | 54.8% | 39.7% | 77.7% | 23.3% |
| 2012 | 47.6% | 40.0% | 79.7% | 41.2% |
| Correlation coefficient of countries between years | 0.633 | 0.606 | 0.907 | 0.444 |
*Scales were constructed on the basis of the larger datasets including four extra European countries. However, in the main analyses four countries were taken out as these were only included in one of the two years.
**Reference category = rural practice location.
***Reference category = solo practice. Bold = significant at p < 0.05; ni = country; nj = general practitioners. Reference category for practice location is “Rural”; ICC = intraclass correlation.