Table 1. Raw data of body mass, vocal fold length (L₀), stress-strain relationship for vocal fold tissue, and average fundamental frequency range.

Vocal fold lengths were measured in specimen available to us (unpublished data), except for the African elephant. The variable ε = (L-L₀) / L₀.

Species	Body mass (kg)	L0 (mm)	Exponential model of stress strain relation (Eq 2)	fo range of natural vocal repertoire (Hz)	Sources
Greater horseshoe bat	0.02	1		2000–80000	[33]
House Mouse	0.05	1		Audible sounds 1000–9000	Pers. observation
Laboratory Rat	0.4	2	male: 0.5e4.4ε	audible sounds produced by males and females: 500 to 6000	[34]
Guinea pig	0.8	2		250–4000	[35]
Human	male 75, female 60	male 16, female 10	male: 4.0e9.4ε, female: 5.5e7.6ε	male: 90–450, female: 120–800	[36], [10], [28]
Rhesus monkey	male 6.4, female 5.1	male 8.3, fem. 7.8	male: 1.1e16.2ε, female: 2.5e12.9ε	males and females: 100–1800	[37], [38]
Raccoon	5	4		200–4000	[39]
Domestic Dog	10	8		60–1500	[40]
Rocky Mountain elk	male 250, Female 150	Male 31, Fem. 29	male: 3.3e6.5ε, female: 3.1e5.9ε	males and females: 100 to 2400	[11]
Mule deer	male 80, female 65	male 24, female 21	male: 3.8e8.2ε, female: 2.9e7.9ε		[12]
Grevy’s Zebra	200	29			[41]
Domestic cow	400	35			[15]
African Lion	250	38	male: 0.7e8ε	males and females: 20 to 250	[8]
Siberian Tiger	300	40	male: 0.8e8.5ε	males and females: 20 to 250	[8]
Giraffe	1000	40			pers. observation
African Elephant	5000	100			[42]