Table 1. Anticoagulant activity of scolymoside^a.

In vitro coagulant assay
Sample	Dose	aPTT (s)	PT (s)	PT (INR)
Control	Saline	22.4 ± 0.4	12.4 ± 0.2	1.00
Scolymoside	1 μM	22.6 ± 0.2	12.0 ± 0.4	0.92
	2 μM	22.2 ± 0.2	12.6 ± 0.6	1.04
	5 μM	26.4 ± 0.4 *	14.8 ± 0.4 *	1.53*
	10 μM	34.2 ± 0.62 *	16.8 ± 0.4 *	2.07 *
	20 μM	42.6 ± 0.2 *	21.6 ± 0.4 *	3.79 *
	30 μM	43.0 ± 0.4 *	22.2 ± 0.2 *	4.05 *
Heparin	30 μM	60.2 ± 0.8 *	26.4 ± 0.4 *	6.13 *
Warfarin	30 μM	53.2 ± 1.2 *	24.6 ± 0.4 *	5.18 *
In vivo bleeding time
Sample	Dose	Tail Bleeding time (s)		n
Control	Saline	31.2 ± 0.8		10
Scolymoside	11.9 μg/mouse	40.4 ± 1.26 *		10
	23.8 μg/mouse	52.4 ± 1.0 *		10
	35.7 μg/mouse	53.6 ± 1.2 *		10
Heparin	210.0 μg/mouse	70.2 ± 1.4 *		10
Warfarin	18.0 μg/mouse	62.2 ± 1.2 *		10
Ex vivo bleeding time
Sample	Dose	aPTT (s)	PT (s)	PT (INR)
Control	Saline	31.8 ± 0.4	13.2 ± 0.6	1.00
Scolymoside	1.2 μg/mouse	32.0 ± 0.6	13.4 ± 0.4 *	1.04
	5.9 μg/mouse	36.4 ± 1.2 *	15.0 ± 0.8 *	1.36 *
	11.9 μg/mouse	42.2 ± 0.6 *	17.6 ± 0.6 *	1.99 *
	23.8 μg/mouse	48.6 ± 1.2 *	20.4 ± 1.2 *	2.84 *
	35.7 μg/mouse	50.4 ± 1.0 *	21.4 ± 1.0 *	3.19 *

^a Each value represents the means ± SEM (n=5).

*P < 0.05 as compared to control.