Table 1. Bivariate Correlations for District-Level Analysis of Health and Mortality Outcomes in Ghana.

	Source	Details	Infant Mortality	Under-Five Mortality	Low Birth Weight
Social Environment
Family planning awareness	DHS	Prop. of district women heard family planning message on radio	-0.15	-0.23*	0.13
Breastfeeding norms	DHS	Average duration of breastfeeding in district (months)	0.06	0.05	0.06
Literacy	IPUMS-I	Proportion of district residents who are literate	-0.20*	-0.31**	0.13
Media mentions	AllAfrica.com	Number of health articles mentioning district 1996-2001	-0.09	-0.11	0.22*
Presence of NGO	WANGO	At least one NGO in district founded in 2001 or earlier	-0.07	-0.11	0.15
Physical Environment
Elevation	TerraPop	District average, in meters	-0.20*	-0.16†	0.19*
Temperature	TerraPop	District average, in Celsius × 10	0.22*	0.27**	-0.10
Rainfall	TerraPop	District average, in millimetres	-0.15	-0.17†	-0.06
Built Environment
Toilet in the home	IPUMS-I	Proportion of people in district with toilet in the home	-0.10	-0.21*	0.01
Access to water	DHS	Avg. minutes to potable water source for district residents	-0.03	0.10	-0.12

^†p < 0.10;

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001

Note: All dependent variables are from the DHS, N = 107. Details on measurement are included in the text.