Table 1.
Descriptive statistics, definitions and sources
| VARIABLES | Definition | Source | Obs | Mean | Sd | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ln Emigration Rate | Ln(migration inflow from i to j per source population) | Own data collection, see Tables A1 and A3 | 100519 | −5.02481 | 2.5311 | −14.041 | 4.7055 |
| Flowij | migration inflow from i to j | Own data collection, see Tables A1 and A3 | 102472 | 1077 | 6874 | 0 | 946167 |
| Ln Stock of Migrants_t-1 | Ln(foreign population stock from i in j per source population) t-1 | Own data collection,, see Tables A2 and A4 | 77192 | −3.1663 | 2.8741 | −12.217 | 6.5749 |
| Stockij | foreign population stock from i in j | Own data collection,, see Tables A2 and A4 | 82277 | 18922 | 169793 | 0 | 12100000 |
| Linguistic Proximity | Linguistic Proximity index between i and j countries using their main official language. | Own calculation based on Ethnologue, see Data section | 215040 | .139397 | .24967 | 0 | 1 |
| Linguistic Proximity All | Linguistic Proximity index set at the maximum proxi
my between two countries using any of their official languages |
Own calculation based on Ethnologue, see Data section | 215040 | .25353 | .32499 | 0 | 1 |
| Linguistic Proximity Major | Linguistic Proximity index between i and j countries using language spoken by majority | Own calculation based on Ethnologue, see Data section | 215040 | .08262 | .19175 | 0 | 1 |
| Dyen | Dyen Linguistic Proximity between i and j countries using their main official language based on the similarity of samples of words from each language |
Dyen et al.(1992) | 100608 | 414.3834 | 277.7419 | 110.6 | 1000 |
| Dyen All | Dyen Linguistic Proximity set at the maximum proximity between two countries using any of their official languages |
Dyen et al.(1992) | 147264 | 490.5674 | 299.5442 | 112.8 | 1000 |
| Dyen Major | Dyen Linguistic Proximity between i and j countries using language spoken by majority | Dyen et al.(1992) | 66976 | 371.2698 | 260.8502 | 110.6 | 1000 |
| Levenshtein | Levenshtein linguistic distance between i and j countries using their main official language | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology | 208320 | 87.63829 | 23.59133 | 0 | 106.39 |
| Levenshtein All | Levenshtein linguistic distance set at the maximum proximity between two countries using any of their official languages |
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology | 212160 | 78.29216 | 30.35295 | 0 | 106.39 |
| Levenshtein Major | Levenshtein linguistic distance between i and j countries using language spoken by majority | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology | 194880 | 91.60195 | 18.60136 | 0 | 106.4 |
| Common Language | A dummy for common language between i and j countries | Own calculation based on Ethnologue, see Data section | 215040 | .0516369 | .22129 | 0 | 1 |
| Ln Destination GDPperCap_t-1 | Ln GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2005 international $) in destination j, t-1 | WDI, World Bank | 196224 | 10.0149 | .43263 | 8.6204 | 11.2134 |
| Ln Origin GDPperCap_t-1 | Ln GDP per capita, PPP (const 2005 international $) in origin i, t-1 | WDI, World Bank | 151770 | 8.5001 | 1.2706 | 4.9418 | 11.7221 |
| Ln Origin GDPperCap_t-1 sq | Ln GDP per capita, PPP (const 2005 intern $) in origin i squared, t-1 | WDI, World Bank | 151770 | 73.8664 | 21.5499 | 24.4212 | 137.4071 |
| Ln Public Expenditure | Ln Public social expenditure as a percentage of GDP in destination j, t-1 | OECD SOCX Database | 184576 | 2.8722 | .4834 | .5306 | 3.5752 |
| Ln Destination UnemplRate_t-1 | Ln Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) in destination j, t-1 | WDI, World Bank | 173152 | 1.8385 | .5532 | .4055 | 3.1739 |
| lnsubUj1 | Unemployment rate in j, t-1, substituted by country average in case of missing values | WDI, World Bank and own calculation | 208320 | 1.8538 | .5436 | .4055 | 3.1739 |
| Ujmissing | A dummy indicating a missing value for unemployment rate in j | WDI, World Bank and own calculation | 215040 | .1948 | .3960 | 0 | 1 |
| Ln Origin UnemplRate_t-1 | Ln Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) in origin i, t-1 | WDI, World Bank | 74460 | 1.9603 | .7094 | −1.6094 | 4.0860 |
| lnsubUi1 | Unemployment rate in i, t-1, substituted by country average in case of missing values | WDI, World Bank and own calculation | 174840 | 1.9796 | .8117 | −1.6094 | 4.0860 |
| Uimissing | A dummy indicating a missing value for unemployment rate in i | WDI, World Bank and own calculation | 215040 | .6537 | .4758 | 0 | 1 |
| Ln Population Ratio, t-1 | Ln Share of population in destination j per population in country i, t-1 | WDI, World Bank | 196740 | 8.4127 | 2.8426 | −3.0912 | 17.2586 |
| Ln Distance in km | Ln Distance between capitals of destination j and origin i in km | Own extension of CEPII | 212128 | 8.5916 | .8880 | 2.2741 | 9.8839 |
| Neighboring Dummy | Dummy variable for neighboring countries | Own extension of CEPII | 215040 | .0183 | .1341 | 0 | 1 |
| Historical Past Dummy | Dummy variable for countries ever in colonial relationship | Own extension of Rose (2004) | 215040 | .0202 | .1408 | 0 | 1 |
| Ln Origin Political Rights_t-1 | Ln of Freedom House Index – Political Rights in origin i | Freedom in the World Scores | 167880 | 1.0700 | .7461 | 0 | 1.9459 |
| Ln Origin Civil Rights_t-1 | Ln of Freedom House Index – Civil Liberties in origin i | Freedom in the World Scores | 167880 | 1.1379 | .6456 | 0 | 1.9459 |
| Dominant Genetic Distance | Dominant genetic distance between plurality groups, current match | Spolaore and Waciarg (2009) | 207360 | 933.9762 | 720.1979 | 0 | 2760 |
| Weighted Genetic Distance | Weighted genetic distance, current match | Spolaore and Waciarg (2009) | 184512 | 941.7764 | 651.6594 | 0 | 2777.695 |