Table 2.
Language proximity and migration rates to 30 OECD destination countries from all world countries of origin for 1980–2010.
| OLS | OLS | OLS | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | Betas | Poisson | FE | FE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) |
| Linguistic Proximity | 3.271*** | - | 3.343*** | 0.774*** | 0.766*** | 0.960*** | 0.732*** | 0.209*** | 0.020*** | 0.508*** | 0.222*** | 0.201*** |
| (0.147) | (0.215) | (0.123) | (0.123) | (0.146) | (0.123) | (0.066) | (0.121) | (0.084) | (0.065) | |||
| Common Language Dummy | 2.929*** | −0.095 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.019 | - | |
| (0.169) | (0.254) | (0.094) | ||||||||||
| Ln Stock of Migrants_t-1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.669*** | 0.760*** | 0.693*** | 0.669*** | 0.659*** |
| (0.009) | (0.020) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |||||||||
| Ln Destination | - | - | - | 0.564*** | 0.570*** | 0.803*** | 0.916*** | 1.723*** | 0.202*** | 1.608*** | 1.723*** | 1.633*** |
| GDPperCapPPPj_t-1 | (0.135) | (0.134) | (0.229) | (0.165) | (0.132) | (0.481) | (0.132) | (0.134) | ||||
| Ln Origin | - | - | - | −0.268*** | 1.353*** | 1.087** | 1.404*** | 0.072 | 0.037 | 0.224 | 0.071 | 0.199 |
| GDPperCapPPPi_t-1 | (0.051) | (0.286) | (0.547) | (0.315) | (0.267) | (0.695) | (0.267) | (0.277) | ||||
| Ln Origin | - | - | - | - | −0.102*** | −0.050 | −0.104*** | −0.011 | −0.097 | −0.016 | −0.011 | −0.028* |
| GDPperCapPPPit-1 squared | (0.017) | (0.031) | (0.019) | (0.016) | (0.045) | (0.016) | (0.017) | |||||
| Ln Destination | - | - | - | - | - | 0.315** | 0.384*** | 0.576*** | 0.056*** | −0.020 | 0.577*** | 0.566*** |
| Public Social Expenditure_t-1 | (0.142) | (0.112) | (0.101) | (0.282) | (0.101) | (0.099) | ||||||
| Ln Destination | - | - | - | - | - | −0.064* | −0.078*** | −0.051** | −0.010** | −0.141** | −0.051** | −0.027 |
| UnemplRate_t-1 | (0.036) | (0.028) | (0.025) | (0.068) | (0.025) | (0.026) | ||||||
| Ln Origin | - | - | - | - | - | 0.124*** | 0.030 | 0.054*** | 0.017*** | 0.191*** | 0.054*** | 0.049** |
| UnemplRate_t-1 | (0.026) | (0.024) | (0.021) | (0.054) | (0.021) | (0.021) | ||||||
| lnTrade_t-1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.122*** |
| (0.011) | ||||||||||||
| Ln Population Ratio_t-1 | - | - | - | 1.218*** | 1.439*** | 1.168*** | 1.330*** | 0.582*** | 0.550*** | −0.081 | 0.583*** | 0.630*** |
| (0.101) | (0.112) | (0.172) | (0.119) | (0.101) | (0.288) | (0.101) | (0.102) | |||||
| Ln Distance in km | - | - | - | −1.069*** | −1.071*** | −1.004*** | −1.084*** | −0.390*** | −0.145*** | −0.377*** | −0.390*** | −0.257*** |
| (0.048) | (0.048) | (0.048) | (0.049) | (0.030) | (0.044) | (0.030) | (0.030) | |||||
| Neighboring Dummy | - | - | - | 0.230 | 0.227 | 0.193 | 0.134 | −0.198** | −0.122 | −0.198** | −0.226*** | |
| (0.171) | (0.171) | (0.158) | (0.166) | (0.082) | (0.127) | (0.082) | (0.081) | |||||
| Historical Past Dummy | - | - | - | 1.942*** | 1.943*** | 1.427*** | 1.899*** | 0.261*** | 0.075 | 0.266*** | 0.154* | |
| (0.181) | (0.181) | (0.195) | (0.184) | (0.092) | (0.100) | (0.098) | (0.088) | |||||
| Dominant Genetic | - | - | - | −0.0002** | −0.0002** | −0.00003 | −0.0002* | 0.00003 | 0.009 | 0.001*** | 0.00003 | 0.00002 |
| Distance | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | ||||
| Ln Origin Freedom | - | - | - | 0.027 | 0.040 | 0.146*** | 0.022 | 0.017 | 0.005 | 0.094 | 0.017 | 0.025 |
| Political Rightsi_t-1 | (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.037) | (0.029) | (0.023) | (0.101) | (0.023) | (0.023) | ||||
| Ln Origin Freedom | - | - | - | −0.084** | −0.087*** | −0.174*** | −0.135*** | −0.074*** | −0.019*** | −0.063 | −0.074*** | −0.061** |
| Civil Rightsi_t-1 | (0.034) | (0.033) | (0.041) | (0.036) | (0.028) | (0.070) | (0.028) | (0.028) | ||||
| Dummies for Substituted unemployment |
NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Destination & Origin FE | NO | NO | NO | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Constant | −5.574*** | −5.257*** | −5.580*** | −6.772*** | −14.830*** | −18.742*** | −18.621*** | −23.576*** | −5.613 | −23.577*** | −25.040*** | |
| (0.044) | (0.040) | (0.046) | (1.684) | (2.249) | (4.028) | (2.616) | (2.167) | (6.581) | (2.167) | (2.248) | ||
| Observations | 100,519 | 100,519 | 100,519 | 84,874 | 84,874 | 41,621 | 74,797 | 51,257 | 51,257 | 51,257 | 51,257 | 50,561 |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.111 | 0.076 | 0.111 | 0.756 | 0.756 | 0.774 | 0.764 | 0.899 | 0.899 | 0.899 | 0.902 | |
Notes: OLS estimates with and without fixed effects. Dependent Variable: Ln(Emigration Rate). All models include year dummies. Robust standard errors clustered at the country-pair level in parentheses. Columns (7)–(12) use substituted unemployment rates whenever there is a missing information on unemployment rates. Substituted unemployment indicates that missing unemployment rates were set at the mean per country. Column (8) shows beta-coefficients of continuous variables in column (7)
***
p<0.01,
**
p<0.05,
*
p<0.1.