. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Econ J (London). 2015 Aug 18;125(586):F49–F81. doi: 10.1111/ecoj.12231

Table 5.

The role of policy, networks and linguistic networks on linguistic distance and migration rates to OECD countries.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)

	Policy	Policy	Linguistic networks at the 4^th level of the linguistic tree	Linguistic networks at the 3^rd level of the linguistic tree

Linguistic	0.205^***	0.244^**	0.311^***	0.467^***
Proximity	(0.066)	(0.096)	(0.079)	(0.085)
Linguistic Requirement (Policy)_t	−0.249^***	−0.240^***
	(0.027)	(0.031)
Ling.Req.Policy_t ^*Ling. Prox		−0.065
		(0.107)
Linguistic networks_t-1			0.040^***	0.027^**
			(0.011)	(0.011)
Ling. Networks_t-1 ^*Ling. Prox			−0.035^**	−0.065^***
			(0.017)	(0.017)
Ln Stock of Migrants_t-1	0.671^***	0.671^***	0.655^***	0.661^***
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Constant	−23.374^***	−23.374^***	−23.847^***	−23.770^***
	(2.134)	(2.134)	(2.163)	(2.165)
Observations	51,233	51,233	51,147	51,112
Adj. R2	0.899	0.899	0.899	0.899

Notes: Dependent Variable: Ln(Emigration Rate). Linguistic Proximity measured by our Linguistic Proximity Index. Controls included: stock of migrants, economic variables, distance variables, year dummies and destination and origin country fixed effects. Linguistic networks measured on the fourth (column 1) and third (column 2) level of the linguistic family tree. Linguistic requirement for naturalization in destination countries is coded as1 formal test; 0.5 informal test and 0 none. Robust standard errors clustered at the country-pair level,

^***

p<0.01,

^**

p<0.05,

p<0.1.