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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 20.
Published in final edited form as: Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2016 Aug 20;503:70–78. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.038

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Building procedure: (a) The Au18 NP structure undergoing energy minimization after attaching 14 ligands to its surface. (b) The Au18 NP pair undergoing free rotation in the presence of a layer of Na+ located at the middle, in order to find the orientation of minimum energy.