Table 3. Assessments of Mental Health Impairment from 1970 – 2013 (N=114*).
| Assessment | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Papers assessing >1 aspect of mental health impairment (e.g., anxiety & PTSD) | 65 (57%) |
| Papers using >1 instrument to assess mental health impairment† | 73 (63%) |
| Article to instrument ratio‡ | 2.9 |
| Assessment of baseline (pre-hospitalization) mental health impairment § | 22 (19%) |
| Using same instrument as during follow-up assessment | 11 (50%) |
| Baseline assessment obtained via: | |
| Patient interview | 17 (77%) |
| Proxy interview | 4 (18%) |
| Chart review | 2 (9%) |
| Not Reported | 3 (14%) |
|
| |
| Any measure of depressive symptoms‖‖ (N = 77, Article to instrument ratio = 8.6) | |
|
| |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): depression subscale | 46 (60%) |
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI or BDI-II) | 14 (18%) |
| Center for Epidemiological Study - Depression (CES-D) | 9 (12%) |
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | 3 (4%) |
| Other named instruments assessing depressive symptoms**** | 7 (9%) |
|
| |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms‖‖ (N = 70, Article to instrument ratio = 4.7) | |
|
| |
| Impact of Event Scale (IES) | 26 (37%) |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome 10-Questions (PTSS-10) | 17 (24%) |
| Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) | 13 (19%) |
| Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV (CAPS) | 8 (11%) |
| Symptom Check list-90-R (SCL-90-R®) | 5 (7%) |
| PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) | 5 (7%) |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome 14-Questions (PTSS-14) | 4 (6%) |
| Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) | 4 (6%) |
| Other named instruments assessing PTSD symptoms**** | 7 (10%) |
|
| |
| Any measure of anxiety symptoms‖‖ (N=57, Article to instrument ratio = 14.3) | |
|
| |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): anxiety subscale | 42 (74%) |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) | 8 (14%) |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | 7 (12%) |
| Other named instruments assessing anxiety symptoms**** | 1 (2%) |
|
| |
| Any measure of other psychiatric impairments‖‖ (N = 22, Article to instrument ratio = 2.0) | |
|
| |
| ICU Memory Tool | 14 (64%) |
| Other named instruments**** | 10 (46%) |
Abbreviations: PTSD, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition; ICU, Intensive Care Unit
11 papers were published prior to 2000. 3 used the Center for Epidemiological Study – Depression (CES-D), 3 used the Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome 10-Questions (PTSS-10), 2 used the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R), and 1 each used the Beck Anxiety and Depression inventories, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R®), and the geriatric depression scale.
32 papers used two instruments and 41 used >2 instruments
The article to instrument ratio is the quotient of the number of articles to the number of unique measurement instruments. A higher ratio indicates greater consolidation around a core set of measures.
All baseline measures were obtained retrospectively except for one study of solid organ transplant patients.
Categories are not mutually exclusive
Represents instruments used in <3 eligible articles