Table 4.
Multivariable adjusted models depicting the association between 25(OH)D levels and neuropsychological function
| Model | Logical Memory delayed |
Visual Reproductions delayed |
Trail Making (B–A) |
Similarities |
Hooper Visual Reproductions |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β±SE | p | β±SE | p | β ±SE | p | β ±SE | p | β ±SE | p | |
| 25(OH)D as standardized continuous variable | ||||||||||
| 1 | −0.06 ±0.09 | 0.533 | 0.12± 0.09 | 0.176 | 0.02± 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.001± 0.09 | 0.994 | 0.04 ±0.01 | 0.006 |
| 2 | −0.05 ±0.09 | 0.613 | 0.10± 0.09 | 0.240 | 0.02± 0.01 | 0.005 | −0.05± 0.09 | 0.575 | 0.04 ±0.01 | 0.010 |
| 3 | −0.002 ±0.10 | 0.984 | 0.12± 0.09 | 0.182 | 0.01± 0.01 | 0.026 | −0.08± 0.10 | 0.415 | 0.04 ±0.01 | 0.014 |
| 25(OH) D<10 ng/mL | ||||||||||
| 1 | 0.50± 0.34 | 0.135 | −0.02 ±0.31 | 0.951 | −0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.012 | −0.16± 0.31 | 0.612 | −0.12± 0.05 | 0.018 |
| 2 | 0.54± 0.34 | 0.111 | 0.08 ±0.31 | 0.807 | −0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.023 | −0.03± 0.32 | 0.913 | −0.10± 0.05 | 0.036 |
| 3 | 0.58± 0.36 | 0.105 | 0.05 ±0.33 | 0.892 | −0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.129 | 0.07± 0.34 | 0.846 | −0.09± 0.05 | 0.095 |
| 25(OH)D <the cohort-specific 20th percentile | ||||||||||
| 1 | 0.14± 0.23 | 0.539 | 0.05± 0.21 | 0.822 | −0.04± 0.01 | 0.003 | −0.29± 0.22 | 0.175 | −0.08± 0.03 | 0.017 |
| 2 | 0.16± 0.23 | 0.507 | 0.08± 0.22 | 0.702 | −0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.007 | −0.20± 0.22 | 0.359 | −0.07± 0.03 | 0.036 |
| 3 | 0.15± 0.25 | 0.549 | 0.11± 0.23 | 0.649 | −0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.043 | −0.17± 0.24 | 0.467 | −0.06± 0.04 | 0.081 |
| 25(OH)D >the cohort-specific 80th percentile | ||||||||||
| 1 | −0.16 ±0.23 | 0.482 | 0.32± 0.21 | 0.139 | 0.02± 0.01 | 0.211 | 0.06± 0.22 | 0.775 | −0.06± 0.03 | 0.098 |
| 2 | −0.17 ±0.24 | 0.480 | 0.32± 0.22 | 0.142 | 0.01± 0.01 | 0.323 | −0.02± 0.22 | 0.916 | 0.05± 0.03 | 0.140 |
| 3 | −0.03 ±0.24 | 0.888 | 0.40± 0.23 | 0.079 | 0.01± 0.01 | 0.373 | −0.07± 0.23 | 0.759 | 0.06± 0.04 | 0.115 |
Bold highlight denotes p< 0.05; Regression coefficient represents the change in each standardized cognitive variable per cohort-specific 1-SD increment in 25(OH)D levels; or by the presence of a 25(OH)D concentration <10 ng/mL; <cohort-specific 20th percentile; or> the cohort-specific 80th percentile. Model 1 adjusts for age, gender, education and time from vitamin D measurement to neuropsychological testing. Model 2 adjusts for the addition of vascular risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, and homocysteine). Model 3 adjusts for the addition of BMI and vitamin D supplement use.