Table 1.
Subgroup analyses of moderators of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in people with severe mental illness
| Meta‐analysis | Heterogeneity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of studies | Pooled T2DM prevalence (%) | 95% CI | Between‐group difference p‐value | I2 | Q | p‐value | |
| Study design | |||||||
| Cross‐sectional | 70 | 9.2 | 7.9‐10.8 | 0.03 | 97.2 | 2504.2 | <0.001 |
| Retrospective | 43 | 12.3 | 10.3‐4.8 | 99.3 | 6436.5 | <0.001 | |
| Prospective | 21 | 8.5 | 6.2‐11.5 | 98.7 | 1575.0 | <0.001 | |
| Population based or not | |||||||
| Population based | 58 | 10.0 | 8.5‐11.6 | 0.70 | 99.6 | 13491.3 | <0.001 |
| Non‐population based | 76 | 10.4 | 8.9‐12.2 | 84.6 | 486.0 | <0.001 | |
| Study setting | |||||||
| Mixed | 37 | 8.7 | 7.1‐10.5 | 0.26 | 99.5 | 7179.8 | <0.001 |
| Inpatient | 37 | 11.3 | 9.3‐13.8 | 93.5 | 553.7 | <0.001 | |
| Outpatient | 36 | 11.5 | 9.3‐14.1 | 97.1 | 1229.7 | <0.001 | |
| Community | 21 | 9.7 | 7.4‐12.4 | 98.4 | 1221.7 | <0.001 | |
| Diabetes assessment method | |||||||
| Blood testing | 34 | 10.5 | 9.8‐11.2 | <0.001 | 79.3 | 159.3 | <0.001 |
| Self‐report | 26 | 9.3 | 8.8‐9.8 | 97.4 | 980.9 | <0.001 | |
| Charts and files | 53 | 13.0 | 11.0‐15.2 | 99.5 | 11051.8 | <0.001 | |
| Median year data collection | |||||||
| Before 2000 | 18 | 9.5 | 6.9‐12.8 | 0.95 | 97.7 | 728.6 | <0.001 |
| 2000 or later | 116 | 10.2 | 9.0‐11.6 | 99.1 | 13469.1 | <0.001 | |
| Diagnosis | |||||||
| Mixed | 18 | 11.2 | 8.5‐14.6 | 0.003 | 99.6 | 4011.7 | <0.001 |
| Major depressive disorder | 20 | 6.4 | 4.8‐8.4 | 97.8 | 869.4 | <0.001 | |
| Bipolar disorder | 17 | 9.2 | 6.8‐12.4 | 96.6 | 466.8 | <0.001 | |
| Schizophrenia spectrum | 22 | 11.8 | 9.0‐15.2 | 99.0 | 5151.0 | <0.001 | |
| Schizophrenia only | 57 | 11.5 | 9.8‐13.5 | 94.7 | 394.2 | <0.001 | |
| Episode | |||||||
| First‐episode schizophrenia | 14 | 4.0 | 2.5‐6.2 | <0.001 | 62.2 | 34.4 | 0.001 |
| Multi‐episode schizophrenia | 67 | 13.1 | 11.7‐14.8 | 98.9 | 6011.1 | <0.001 | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 31 | 7.9 | 5.9‐10.3 | <0.01 | 97.0 | 1037.5 | <0.001 |
| Female | 31 | 11.3 | 8.6‐14.7 | 97.5 | 1239.8 | <0.001 | |
| Geographical region | |||||||
| North America | 58 | 12.5 | 10.9‐14.3 | 0.007 | 99.0 | 6026.7 | <0.001 |
| Europe | 32 | 7.7 | 6.3‐9.3 | 98.7 | 2486.6 | <0.001 | |
| Asia | 28 | 10.6 | 8.5‐13.1 | 93.1 | 393.9 | <0.001 | |
| Australia | 5 | 9.2 | 5.7‐14.5 | 90.6 | 42.7 | 0.034 | |
| South America | 5 | 8.6 | 4.8‐15.1 | 61.7 | 10.4 | 0.006 | |
| Africa | 2 | 7.0 | 3.1‐15.0 | 86.6 | 7.5 | 0.65 | |
| Middle East | 2 | 10.2 | 4.8‐20.3 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.33 | |
| Antipsychotic medication use | |||||||
| Antipsychotic‐naïve | 10 | 2.9 | 1.7‐4.8 | <0.001 | 78.0 | 41.0 | <0.001 |
| Clozapine | 9 | 15.5 | 11.0‐21.3 | 38.4 | 13.0 | 0.11 | |
| Olanzapine | 9 | 10.6 | 7.0‐15.7 | 2.5 | 8.2 | 0.41 | |
| Risperidone | 9 | 13.2 | 8.8‐19.4 | 54.2 | 17.4 | 0.026 | |
| Quetiapine | 7 | 16.0 | 9.9‐24.7 | 0 | 2.5 | 0.87 | |
| Aripiprazole | 3 | 6.7 | 1.5‐25.0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.87 | |
| Amisulpride | 2 | 3.9 | 0.5‐25.0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.44 | |
| Typical antipsychotics | 11 | 10.6 | 7.0‐15.7 | 57.8 | 23.7 | 0.008 | |
Significant between‐group differences are highlighted in bold prints