Table 2.
Age- and multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for the predicted 25(OH)D score and incident tooth loss and periodontitis among men participating in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, USA, 1986–2006
| Predicted | Person- | Incidence | Age adjusted | Model 1* | Model 2† | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25(OH)D score | Events | years | rate‡ | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | |||||||||||||||
| Tooth loss (n 42 730) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Continuous§ | 13 581 | 539 335 | 2518 | 0·86 | 0·84, 0·88 | 0·90 | 0·88, 0·92 | 0·93 | 0·90, 0·97 | |||||||||||||||
| Quintiles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Q1 (ref.) | 2879 | 100 650 | 2860 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | |||||||||||||||
| Q2 | 2796 | 104 191 | 2684 | 0·91 | 0·86, 0·96 | 0·93 | 0·88, 0·98 | 0·97 | 0·91, 1·02 | |||||||||||||||
| Q3 | 2728 | 107 687 | 2533 | 0·86 | 0·81, 0·90 | 0·90 | 0·85, 0·94 | 0·94 | 0·88, 1·00 | |||||||||||||||
| Q4 | 2617 | 111 088 | 2356 | 0·78 | 0·74, 0·82 | 0·84 | 0·79, 0·89 | 0·89 | 0·83, 0·95 | |||||||||||||||
| Q5 | 2561 | 115 720 | 2213 | 0·72 | 0·68, 0·76 | 0·80 | 0·76, 0·85 | 0·86 | 0·79, 0·93 | |||||||||||||||
| P value for trend | <0·001 | <0·001 | 0·001 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Periodontitis (n 35 644) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Continuous§ | 3158 | 547 248 | 577 | 0·88 | 0·84, 0·92 | 0·91 | 0·86, 0·95 | 1·01 | 0·93, 1·10 | |||||||||||||||
| Quintiles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Q1 (ref.) | 673 | 102 935 | 654 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | |||||||||||||||
| Q2 | 629 | 105 771 | 595 | 0·91 | 0·81, 1·01 | 0·92 | 0·82, 1·03 | 0·98 | 0·87, 1·11 | |||||||||||||||
| Q3 | 638 | 109 436 | 583 | 0·88 | 0·79, 0·98 | 0·91 | 0·81, 1·01 | 1·01 | 0·88, 1·15 | |||||||||||||||
| Q4 | 639 | 112 538 | 568 | 0·85 | 0·76, 0·95 | 0·88 | 0·79, 0·99 | 1·02 | 0·88, 1·18 | |||||||||||||||
| Q5 | 579 | 116 568 | 497 | 0·74 | 0·66, 0·83 | 0·80 | 0·71, 0·90 | 0·97 | 0·81, 1·16 | |||||||||||||||
| P value for trend | <0·0001 | <0·001 | 0·89 | |||||||||||||||||||||
25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; HR, hazard ratio; Q1–Q5, quintile 1–quintile 5; ref., reference category; MET, metabolic equivalents.
*Model 1: age, smoking (CSI, comprehensive smoking index), pipe (yes/no), chewing tobacco (yes/no), multivitamin use (yes/no), vitamin E (quintiles), vitamin C (quintiles), dental profession (dentist/non-dentist), alcohol consumption (0, 0·1–4·9, 5·0–14·9, 15·0–29·9, ≥30·0 g/d), routine physical examination (yes/no) and diabetes (yes/no).
†Model 2: Model 1 + BMI (<22·0 (ref.), 22·0–24·9, 25·0–29·9, 30·0–34·9, ≥35·0 kg/m2), race (white, African American, Asian, other), and physical activity (MET/week; quintiles).
‡Incidence rate per 100 000 person-years.
§Per 10 nmol/l.