(A) early diastolic strain rate, (B) tissue e’ velocity, and (C) E/e’ ratio (an estimate of LV filling pressures). Tissue velocities based on speckle-tracking echocardiography are lower than conventional tissue Doppler imaging-based tissue velocities. Thus, e’ velocity is lower, and E/e’ ratio higher, than conventional studies that use tissue Doppler imaging. P-values are for the linear trend (calculated using linear mixed effects models).