Table 1.

Findings in studies investigating the immunoregulation of exosomes in cancers

Function in tumor growth	Origin	Cancer cells/immune cells	Targeted molecules	Functional pathways	References
Promoting	Tumor cells	Colorectal cancer cells	Fas, TNF	Suppressive immune cells	90
		Melanoma cells	Fas/FasL	Apoptosis of T cells	91, 82
		Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells	Galectin-9/Tim-3	Induce apoptosis of T cells	92
		Solid tumor/AML cells	JAK3, Fas/FasL	Suppress T cell and NK cells	93
		Breast cancer cells	NF-kappa B	Decrease T cell number	84
		Mammary carcinoma cells	Perforin, cyclin D3, JAK3	Suppress NK cell function	77
		Ovarian tumor cells	FasL	T cell apoptosis, suppress T cell receptor	79
		Acute myeloid leukemia cells	TGF-β1	Suppress NK cell function	80
		Mesothelioma cells	NKG2D	Suppress T cell and NK cell function	96
		Squamous cell carcinoma cells	Fas/FasL	Promoting T regulatory cell expansion	82
		Melanoma cells		Promote T regulatory cell expansion	82
		Murine mammary tumor cells	IL-6	DC differentiation	86
		Mammary adenocarcinoma cells	IL-6, VEGF, PGE2, TGF-β	Accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells	88
		Colon carcinoma CT26 cells, lymphoma EL4 cells, embryo NIH/3T3 fibroblasts , lung adenocarcinoma H23 cells, mammary adenocarcinoma cells	Hsp72, TLR2, STAT3	Activation and enhancement of MDSCs' suppressive ability	75
		Ovarian cancer cells	ATF2, MTA1, ROCK1/2	Angiogenesis in ovarian serous cancer	76
		Squamous carcinoma A431 cells, MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells, A549 NSCL cells, H1299 NSCL cells	Hx or Reox	Regulation of tumor metastasis and angiogenesis	98
		Pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells	Tetraspanin D6.1A/CO-029	Induce systemic angiogenesis	99
Inhibiting	Tumor cells	Non-small cell lung cancer cells	MAGE peptides	T cell responses and NK cell lytic activity increased	101
		Fibrosarcoma cells	C1C2-fused antigen	Induction of a more potent antigen-specific anti-tumor immune response in vivo	103
		Murine lymphoma E.G7-OVA cells	SEA-TM	Promote induction of specific anti-tumor immune response	104
		Murine colon carcinoma cells, murine melanoma cells	HSP70	Improve immunostimulatory activities	106
		Human pancreas cells, human colon cells	HSP70	Stimulate migratory and cytolytic activity of NK cells	108
	APCs	Autologous monocyte derived DCs	MAGE3 peptides, HLA-A2, HLA-BC	T cell responses	102
		Spleen-derived murine D1 DCs	HSC73, MHCII, Mac-1 integrin, CD9, MFG-E8	Elicit potent T cell-dependent immune responses	110
		DCs	NKG2D, IL-15Ralpha	Promote NK cell activation and proliferation	115
		DCs	MHCII	Elicit T cell-dependent immune responses	113
		NK cells	FasL, CD56, perforin	Deliver cytotoxic molecules	114