Table 3.
Clinical characteristics of drug overdose decedents (N=219)
| N | (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Substance use status | ||
| Problem Substance Use | 187 | (85.4) |
| Alcohol | 139 | (63.5) |
| Any opioid | 118 | (53.9) |
| Heroin | 89 | (40.6) |
| Cocaine | 88 | (40.2) |
| Injection drug use | 54 | (24.7) |
| Marijuana | 23 | (10.5) |
| Benzodiazepines | 21 | (9.6) |
| Unspecified substance abuse | 16 | (7.3) |
| Other substance of abuse | 12 | (5.5) |
| History of drug overdose | 30 | (13.7) |
| History of substance abuse treatment | 138 | (63.0) |
| Outpatient treatmenta | 99 | (45.2) |
| Inpatient treatmentb | 94 | (42.9) |
| Methadone | 27 | (19.6) |
| Buprenorphine | 6 | (4.3) |
| Mental health status | ||
| Any psychiatric condition | 134 | (61.2) |
| Depression | 85 | (38.8) |
| Anxiety disorder | 67 | (30.6) |
| Bipolar disorder | 37 | (16.9) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 25 | (11.4) |
| Other or unspecified mental illness | 10 | (4.6) |
| Psychotic disorder | 7 | (3.2) |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 3 | (1.4) |
| ≥2 psychiatric diagnoses | 86 | (39.3) |
| History of suicidal ideation or suicide attempt | 33 | (15.1) |
| Medical status | ||
| Chronic pain history | 99 | (45.2) |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 11 | (5.0) |
| Hepatitis C virus | 52 | (23.7) |
| Co-morbidity | ||
| Problem Substance Use (PSU) and Psychiatric Condition | 127 | (57.9) |
| PSU and Chronic Pain | 90 | (41.0) |
| Psychiatric Condition and Chronic Pain | 75 | (34.2) |
| PSU AND Psychiatric Condition AND Chronic Pain | 71 | (32.4) |
| PSU OR Psychiatric Condition OR Chronic Pain | 201 | (91.8) |
a
Day treatment, AA/NA/other peer led support group, residential treatment, sober house
b
Inpatient Treatment, Inpatient Detox