Table 1.

Baseline Clinical and Angiographic Characteristics of the Study Patients and Lesions, Classified According to Whether Retrograde Crossing was Attempted or Not

Clinical Characteristics	Overall N=1276	Retrograde n=531	Antegrade-only n=745	p
Age (years)*	65.5±10.2	66.1±10.1	65.1±10.3	0.096
Men (%)	84.1	87.5	81.7	0.005
Hypertension (%)	89.6	89.3	89.8	0.776
Hyperlipidemia (%)	94.3	94.5	94.2	0.824
Diabetes mellitus (%)	45.0	43.5	46.0	0.386
Smoking (%)	28.8	27.6	29.7	0.407
Heart failure (%)	27.8	31.9	24.8	0.006
History of MI (%)	41.6	44.6	39.6	0.077
History of CABG (%)	33.9	47.7	24.1	<0.001
History of stroke (%)	10.9	11.4	10.5	0.587
Prior PCI (%)	64.8	70.4	60.8	<0.001
Prior CTO PCI failure (%)	17.7	20.7	15.4	0.017
Peripheral arterial disease (%)	15.7	17.5	14.4	0.135
Angiographic Characteristics	N=1301	n=539	n=762
CTO Target Vessel
RCA (%)	56.8	68.2	48.8
LCX (%)	19.9	17.4	21.7	<0.001
LAD (%)	23.3	14.5	29.5
CTO length (mm)*	30 (20–45)	38 (25–60)	28 (16–38)	<0.001
Interventional collaterals (%)	60.2	78.3	45.8	<0.001
Moderate/severe calcification (%)	58.2	69.8	49.2	<0.001
Moderate/severe tortuosity (%)	35.4	41.3	30.8	<0.001
Side branch at proximal Cap (%)	45.7	50.1	41.8	0.008
Poor distal target vessel (%)	39.0	51.8	28.6	<0.001
Distal cap at bifurcation (%)	31.3	44.6	20.7	<0.001
Proximal cap ambiguity (%)	31.6	47.4	18.6	<0.001
In-stent restenosis (%)	13.9	13.5	14.2	0.723
J-CTO score*	2.5±1.2	3.1±1	2.1±1.2	<0.001

CABG, Coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CTO, chronic total occlusion; LAD, left anterior descending artery; LCX, left circumflex artery; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA, right coronary artery.

^*mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range).