Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics.
| Characteristics | Controls (30) | HFpEF (48) | HFrEF (55) | PAH (18) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yearsa | 58±15 | 63±12 | 59±12 | 61±13 |
| Male Sex, n (%)b | 19 (63) | 19 (40) | 45 (82)* | 9 (50) |
| Caucasian Race, n (%)b | 28 (93) | 46 (96) | 49 (89) | 17 (94) |
| BMI, kg/m2 b | 27.6±4.0 | 33.7±7.9† | 27.9±5.8* | 27.7±4.9 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension b | 11 (37) | 29 (60) | 34 (62)‡ | 9 (50) |
| Diabetes Mellitus b | 1 (3) | 12 (25)† | 11 (20) | 2 (11) |
| Hyperlipidemia b | 7 (23) | 25 (52)† | 32 (58)‡ | 9 (50) |
| Pharmacotherapy, n (%) | ||||
| Diuretics b | 2 (7) | 24 (50)† | 48 (87)‡* | 4 (22) |
| ACE Inhibitor or ARB b | 8 (27) | 14 (29) | 45 (82)‡* | 3 (17) |
| β-adrenergic blocker b | 5 (17) | 24 (50)† | 52 (95)‡* | 6 (33) |
| Aldosterone antagonist b | 0 | 4 (8) | 29 (53)‡* | 0 |
| Resting LVEF (%)a | 67±5 | 62±8† | 30±6‡* | 63±7 |
| Resting RVEF (%)a | 53±7 | 50±7 | 38±11‡* | 46±7# |
| Resting Supine mPAP, mmHga | 14±4 | 30±5† | 35±13‡ | 28±5# |
| Resting Supine PAWP, mmHga | 8±3 | 20±3† | 22±9‡ | 10±3 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dla | 13.3±1.3 | 13.2±1.5 | 13.0±2.0 | 14.0±1.8 |
| Upright Rest Hemodynamics | ||||
| mPAP, mmHga | 14.5 ± 1.9 | 20.9±5.5† | 27.2±9‡* | 25.6 ± 5.1# |
| PAWP, mmHga | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 9.4±4.7† | 15.4±7.6‡* | 7.4 ± 2.8# |
| CI, L/min/m2 a | 2.8±0.5 | 2.5±0.7† | 1.8±0.5‡* | 2.6±0.7 |
| SV/PP (mL/mmHg)c | 6.0±2.8 | 3.0±1.2† | 1.8±0.93‡* | 2.7±0.78# |
| Peak Upright Exercise | ||||
| Maximum watts achieveda | 153±52 | 82±33† | 76±36‡ | 83±39# |
| Minutes Exerciseda | 8.5±1.6 | 7.1±2.2† | 5.5±1.7‡* | 7.3±2.1# |
| Peak Exercise RERa | 1.16±0.08 | 1.15±0.11 | 1.16±0.15 | 1.09±0.10 |
| Peak Exercise Lactate, mMa | 7.5±1.5 | 5.3±2.5† | 4.8±2.0‡ | 5.4±2.5# |
| Peak VO2, ml/kg/mina | 25.3±7.5 | 13.9±3.3† | 12.4±3.8‡ | 15.4±4.0# |
| Exercise LVEF (%)a | 71±6 | 64±8† | 33±8‡* | 65±8# |
| Exercise RVEF (%)a | 56±7 | 49±8† | 38±10‡* | 45±7# |
| mPAP, mmHga | 30.3±3.6 | 43.4±9.8† | 49.7±10.2‡* | 50±11.7# |
| PAWP, mmHga | 16.8±4.3 | 28.3±9.0† | 29.8±8.9‡ | 15.3±4.8 |
| CI, L/min/m2 a | 7.5±1.6 | 5.1±1.3† | 3.7±1.2‡* | 5.5±1.2# |
Mean ± SD or n (%).
ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc test,a Fisher’s exact testb or Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post-hoc pairwise test.c
†
indicates P<0.05 between HFpEF & controls,
‡
indicates P<0.05 between HFrEF & controls,
*
indicates P<0.05 between HFpEF & HFrEF,
#
indicates P<0.05 between PAH & controls
SV, stroke volume; PP, pulmonary pulse pressure