Figure 1. Schematic sequence of reproductive behaviour in Nyctibatrachus humayuni.

(A) A female approaches a calling male. (B) The female sits in front of the male and creeps backwards, until her feet touch the male’s head. (C) The male mounts the female and forms a dorsal straddle, and most likely sperm is released on her back during this moment. (D) When the female is about to deposit the eggs, the male dismounts. (E) Immediately after the male dismounts, the female deposits the eggs and remains motionless with her hind legs stretched around the eggs. (F) After oviposition, the female leaves the oviposition site, and the male sits on or near the eggs and continues to call. The male is drawn white and the female grey.