Figure 2. (A–E) Sequence of breeding behaviour in Nyctibatrachus humayuni; (F–G) Egg development.

(A) Female approaches a calling male. (B) Female touches male just before the dorsal straddle (arrow indicates the position of female’s leg on male’s head). (C) Male mounts the female in a dorsal straddle, and most likely sperm is released on her back during this moment (arrow indicates the male’s hand positioned on the leaf, but not clasping the female). (D) Female deposits eggs and remains motionless with her hind legs stretched around the eggs. The male is mostly seen sitting close-by without any physical contact with the female. (E) After the female leaves the oviposition site, the male sits on or near the eggs and continues to call. (F) Freshly laid eggs, pigmented (egg diameter 3.5 ± 0.2 mm, n = 20). (G) Developing embryos on the 19^th day, just before hatching out of the eggs.