Table 4.

Associations between cumulative risk factor and protective factor scores in Grades 5 and 9 and violent offending in Grades 11 and young adulthood

	Grade 5 high drug use (n = 264)		Grade 5 low family socio-economic status (n = 78)
	Grade 11 violent offending OR [95% CI]	Young adult violent offending OR [95% CI]	Grade 11 violent offending OR [95% CI]	Young adult violent offending OR [95% CI]
Risk/Protective factor score
Grade 5 risk score	.30 [.01, 6.26]	1.74 [.35, 8.59]	46.30 [.05, 44902.72]	13.40 [.54, 330.54]
Grade 5 protective score	.89 [.05, 14.62]	.48 [.13, 1.74]	3.41 [.06, 206.00]	.07* [.01, .89}
	Grade 9 high drug use (n = 264)		Grade 9 high antisocial behaviour (n = 64)		Grade 5 low family socio-economic status (n = 78)
	Grade 11 violent offending OR [95% CI]	Young adult violent offending OR [95% CI]	Grade 11 violent offending OR [95% CI]	Young adult violent offending OR [95% CI]	Grade 11 violent offending OR [95% CI]	Young adult violent offending OR [95% CI]
Risk/Protective factor score
Grade 9 risk score	33.46* [1.87, 597.67]	2.99 [.82, 10.93]	3.32 [.32, 33.90]	5.58 [.57, 54.98]	4.31 [.23, 81.58]	14.82* [1.60, 136.96]
Grade 9 protective score	.02** [.003, .22]	.28* [.08, .96]	4.51 [.30, 67.43]	.60 [.04, 9.54]	.08 [.003, 2.27]	.28 [.03, 2.82]

Note. OR = odds ratio. CI = confidence interval. Analyses controlled for age, gender, and clustering of students in the schools at Grade 5 and Grade 9.

^*= p <0.05,

^**= p < 0.01